Poster Presentations

Business & Economics

• #19 - Session 2 - Nicholas Howard - United States and Eurozone and the Uncovered Interest Parity

  Additonal Authors: Jaxon Christiansen
  Mentor: Nazneen Ahmad
  Department: Economics
  Abstract: The United States and the Eurozone, both major global economies with one of the best trade relationships in the world, provide ideal conditions to investigate the uncovered interest parity. The uncovered interest parity states that expected returns should be equal between a home and a foreign country. In our research, the United States is considered the home country and the Eurozone, the foreign country. The objective of our research is to investigate how well the uncovered interest parity holds between these two regions. To conduct this research, the 10 year nominal interest rates between the two regions, spot exchange rates between the dollar and euro, and the expected exchange rate between the dollar and euro were needed to calculate the expected returns for the United States and Eurozone. We collected this data quarterly from Q1 2007 to Q4 2022, totalling in 64 data points. Our findings reveal that while the uncovered interest parity conditions do not perfectly align, the theory is still a valuable macroeconomic tool. Our study offers insight into the applicability of the uncovered interest parity and highlights its use in predicting and comprehending the complex movements and fluctuations in the international macroeconomy.

• #52 - Session 1 - Frances Hudson - Monsters as a Lens to Understand Society: Zombies and Баба Яга

  Mentor: Valentinas Rudys
  Department: Visual art and design
  Abstract: In this project, I evaluate how zombies and Baba Yaga (Баба Яга) represent the societal fears of their cultures of origin and how these fears are related to prevailing and past economic systems within these cultures. The research methodology for this project consisted of studying how zombies and Baba Yaga are represented in popular culture, as well as the differences between American and Eastern European culture. The theoretical framework for this project is based on Monster Culture (Seven Theses) by J.J. Cohen with a special emphasis on Thesis I (The Monster's Body as a Cultural Body) and Thesis V (The Monster Polices the Borders of the Possible). I compare and contrast my findings by drawing on the ideas presented in Economics of the Undead, a collection of published essays edited by Glen Whitman and James Dow. I find evidence to suggest that Baba Yaga is a monstrous representation of a societal fear of individuality, which is in part caused by the influence of socialism on Eastern European culture. Conversely, I argue that zombies represent a fear of conformity and mindless consumption in American culture that may be in part caused by the influence of capitalism.

• #5 - Session 2 - Devin Jones - R. B. Firestones Younger Dray Impact.

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Business and Economics
  Abstract: I propose to discuss the misrepresentation of data in Firestone's article on the Younger Dryas a cold period that occurred 12,900 years ago and the proposed hypothesis that an extraterrestrial air burst impact occurred. The cherry-picking of certain “black mats” (layers of sediment) in order to support his airburst impact hypothesis. And the contrary evidence that shows that so-called black mats are the result of naturally occurring wetlands systems rather than the extraterrestrial airburst impact that Firestone suggests on top of other evidence that contradicts the theory.

• #27 - Session 1 - Kamry Kap - Impact of Transgender Women on Women's Sports

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: English
  Abstract: The inclusion of Transgender Women into athletics has changed the world of sports in many different ways. In 2018 the NCAA released guidelines to help further the progression of the inclusion, stating that they would be allowed into Women's sports if they adhere to the provided guidelines. Since then Transgender Women athletes, even with a small number of them, have been dominating women's sports and moving up in ranks. The purpose of this research it to outline what impacts transgender athletes have had and will continue to have on women's sports in regards to the physical aspect. The results of the research provides evidence that although the inclusion of Transgender women into sports is progressive, it has a negative impact on Women's athletics overall. However, there still needs to be more research done in upcoming years to fully make the claim that Transgender athletes have an advantage over biological Women in sports.

• #4 - Session 2 - Treyson Lefgren - Self Worth And Instagram

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Business
  Abstract: The central focus of my project will be to analyze the impact that Instagram has on the self-worth of teenagers using it. I will be using the articles in my research paper in an attempt to examine the effect that using Instagram has had on teenagers who use the app. The research that is conducted from the articles includes surveys, questionnaires, interviews, etc to find how Instagram has affected different aspects of development, self-esteem, comparison, mental health, transitioning to college, and self-identity. The results showed that increased Instagram use led to; negative self-esteem, due to comparison; teens acting differently for ‘approval' in the form of likes by changing what they post on the app; Instagram promotes altering posts or pictures, leading to comparison, feeling alone, or feeling of a lack of community while at college because they can connect with friends or family from home. Building community or connecting is positive, but can be negative as they are then not willing to branch out and find friends outside of familiarity. The project hopes to show that Instagram has negatively affected teenagers' self-identity in many ways.

Education

• #12 - Session 1 - Karlee Adams - How child-parent relationships influence adult romantic relationships

  Mentor: C. Ryan Dunn
  Department: Child & Family Studies
  Abstract: This study has researched how relationships with parents of the opposite gender impact children's adult romantic relationships. It has examined parenting styles, mother/son relationships, and father/daughter relationships. There has been a lot of research done in the area of father/daughter relationships, however, it hopes to bring more information into how this relationship impacts a daughter's romantic relationships. There has not been a large amount of research done on mother/son relationships in general but especially on how this relationship impacts a son's romantic relationships. This study has been to understand those who are in a current romantic relationship and how their parent with the opposite gender has had an effect on their relationship. The way that this research was conducted and the methods that were used were peer-reviewed articles using EBSCO, Sage Premier, APA PsycNet, and Google Scholar, that were published in the last ten years. The research was also conducted through a Qualtrics survey that was advertised on social media and through word of mouth. This study has found that having a positive relationship with the opposite gender parent will have a greater likelihood of having a positive impact on romantic relationships, and vice-versa for negative relationships.

• #45 - Session 1 - Anne Davis - Perceived Health Outcomes of Participating in Triathlons

  Additional Authors: Jack Graves
  Mentor: Eddie Hill
  Department: Outdoor and Community Recreation Education
  Abstract: Triathlons are multisport competitions consisting of running, cycling, and swimming. Between 2010 and 2019, participation in triathlons grew steadily. At its peak, the U.S. participation in triathlons surpassed 4.2 million people. Since COVID-19, participation has steadily decreased. Despite the high participation rates in the last 10-12 years, there is limited research of the perceived health benefits or value of multisport. Data for this study will be collected on November 4, 2023, at the Turkey Triathlon hosted by Weber State University Campus Recreation. The research activity for this study will include an on-line questionnaire to assess the perceived health outcomes associated with individuals participating in triathlons. Adult participants will be completing the 13-item Perceived Health Outcomes of Recreation Scale (PHORS) online via Qualtrics after attempting to complete the entire triathlon. The purpose of this study is to determine perceived health outcomes, values, and participant satisfaction of a Mountain West college campus-based triathlon.

• #28 - Session 2 - Jacob Fusselman - The Effect of Visceral Fat & Fruit & Vegetable Servings on Carotenoid Levels in a Student Population

  Mentor: Damon Joyner
  Department: Exercise and Nutrition Sciences
  Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of visceral fat and fruit and vegetable (F/V) servings in predicting skin carotenoid levels in a student population. Our hypothesis was that both variables would be able to reliably predict measured skin carotenoid levels. Study Design: Forty-nine students volunteered to participate in this study. Each student completed a self-reported survey on F/V servings and had a body composition test completed. Their levels of skin carotenoids were measured on the same day. A multiple linear regression was run to predict carotenoid scores using F/V servings and visceral fat.. Results: Using Pearson Correlation we were able to determine that visceral fat and F/V servings do correlate with measured skin carotenoids (-0.277 and 0.644, respectively). Furthermore, we determined this model to exhibit statistical significance at predicting the outcome of carotenoid levels with a p-value of <0.001. F/V servings demonstrated a stronger relationship to carotenoid levels with 63% of the variance tied to this variable, where visceral fat explained only 26% of the carotenoid variance level. Conclusion: As hypothesized, both visceral fat and F/V servings were successful predictors of measured skin carotenoid levels in our student population.

• #35 - Session 1 - Summer Garlick - Body Image and Nutrition Research Study

  Additonal Authors: Abigail Johnson, Alexis Hileman, Taanisha Rhone and Athena Deng
  Mentor: Charles Dunn
  Department: Family Studies
  Abstract: Negative body image and unhealthy relationships with food are common precursors to diagnosable eating disorders. This study serves as an initial investigation of whether negative body image and disordered eating habits translate intergenerationally from parent to child within a family. Looking into this intergenerational relationship serves as a guide to see how these two factors are impacted by each other. Data was collected through the distribution of an online survey addressing individual experiences concerning personal and family perceptions of physical and social health. Participants, who were all at least eighteen years of age, in this study were asked a series of questions about their experience growing up and what messages were expressed by caregivers regarding food and bodies as well as their current eating habits and their perceptions about their physical appearance. We anticipate a positive correlation between these two variables. This study seeks to understand the relationship between unhealthy eating habits and negative body image in parents as compared to those of their children.

• #47 - Session 1 - Seth Gaunt - URPA Small Town Training Evaluation

  Mentor: Eddie Hill
  Department: Outdoor Community and Recreation Education
  Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of training workshops for small-town community recreation professionals. The study included attending a Utah Recreation and Parks Association (URPA) small town/rural conference and surveying 18 individuals to determine how impactful the event was. This event was the first of its kind with a focus on teaching recreation professionals from cities with a population of less than 30,000 people. An online questionnaire was given at the end of the training with 17 questions. People were also interviewed at the end of this training event. This study evaluates the participants' answers and suggests how this training program can be improved and changed to better instruct small-town community recreation professionals. Research shows that training works and how it is structured can have a major impact on the amount of information that gets utilized by the participants. To be thorough in a training course, sharing information and giving feedback is most beneficial. Narrowing down an audience can enhance the experience and can help in a more personalized and specific way. This article aims to explain why training is important and how to use training appropriately.

• #30 - Session 2 - Kelsey Hansen - Perceived Motivators and Barriers to Facilitate Exercise Among Primary Care Clinic Patients

  Mentor: Saori Hanaki
  Department: Exercise Science
  Abstract: PURPOSE: To determine what patients' needs are to facilitate regular exercise, including what they look for from their healthcare providers and their barriers and motivators to exercise. METHODS: Patients at four local primary care clinics completed an online anonymous survey consisting of 24 questions analyzing demographics, medical conditions, IPAQ-short form, exercise education by healthcare providers, and barriers and motivators to regular exercise. 268 complete responses were categorized into with chronic disease conditions (CC) and without chronic disease conditions (NCC) to compare how the needs and barriers to exercise differ. RESULTS: The most common perceived motivators to exercise were having a support system, planning and preparing for exercising in advance, and having a partner to exercise with. Fewer CC (53%) believed they participated in a healthy amount of exercise than NCC (67%, p=.007). CC also believed their medical conditions made it hard to exercise (40% CC vs. 15% of NCC, p< .001). More in CC (82%) reported that exercise education provided by the healthcare providers was helpful, compared to NCC (71%, p=.017). Most (92%) who received exercise education considered the information helpful when given verbally. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest the implementation of social support is sought out in both groups. Particularly among CC, they value the involvement of their healthcare provider in the planning and engagement in exercise.

• #34 - Session 2 - Zachary Holt - Physiological Effects of Pickleball Based on Skill Level

  Contributors: Chelsea Cavitt, Belal Glab, Krystal Serrano and Kaitlyn Standifird
  Mentors: James Zagrodnik and Ryan Zimmerman
  Department: HPER
  Abstract: Background: The Sports & Fitness Industry Association announced pickleball as the fastest growing sport in the U.S. the last 3 years, with an 185% increase over this timespan. To date only two studies have been conducted on the game and its impact on peoples' health and physiological changes. Purpose: Identify the physiological effects of pickleball based on skill level. Methodology: Participants wore Hexoskin vests that measured heart rate, breathing rate, and step count while they played pickleball. Participants performed a 5-minute rest, 30 – 45 minutes of recreational pickleball play with matched skill level players, a Borg Perceived Exertion Scale, and a 5-point enjoyment Likert Scale. Results: 132 participants were successfully tested. Playing pickleball increases breathing rate 39.70% and heart rate 28.46% from resting across all groups. Preliminary analysis indicates that the number of games played (Average: 3.2), Borg Perceived Exertion Scale (Average: 13.22), and Enjoyment Rating (Average: 4.72) remained consistent across skill groups. Age appears to be correlated with skill level as older players had lower skill levels and age decreased as skill level increased. The highest skill level players demonstrated the highest playing breathing rate (35.56/minute), heart rate (132.87 BPM), and cadence (71.63 steps/minute) across all skill levels. Averages indicate as skill level increases so too does playing heart rate and cadence while breathing rate remains relatively consistent, but statistical analysis needs to be conducted to confirm. Conclusion: Pickleball is a highly enjoyable game across many ages in which any age and skill level can have positive health enhancing benefits from participation in game-play pickleball. Skill level may have an impact on the physiological effects of playing pickleball however statistical analysis needs to be performed to confirm, partly to account for known age-related responses to physical activity.

• #13 - Session 1 - Collette Hopkin - Adolescent Dating's Impact on Adult Relationships

  Additonal Authors: Preslee Perkes, Cailin Hughes, Hannah Hubbard and Kinley Groskreutz
  Mentor: Charles Dunn
  Department: Child and Family Studies
  Abstract: This study investigates the enduring impact of late adolescent dating experiences on adult relationships. “Late adolescent” is defined in the study as 15-18 years old. Drawing on a diverse sample of 162 individuals aged 18-46+, the research explores correlations between adolescent dating behaviors and adult relationship patterns. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data collected through a comprehensive survey using Qualtrics. Findings reveal that positive communication in adolescence did not significantly correlate with self-reported communication health in both adolescent and adult relationships (r = .064, p = .465). The results also showed that understanding commitment in adolescence was significantly correlated with higher commitment and satisfaction levels in adulthood (r = .190, p = .028). Emotional availability in adolescence showed no significant correlation with self-reported comfort with emotional availability in adulthood (r = .000, p = .997). The amount of romantic partners in adolescence and their current commitment level showed a negative correlation (r = -.056, p = .517). The amount of committed romantic relationships in high school and their current commitment level showed a negative correlation (r = -.666, p = .444). Finally, the amount of committed romantic relationships in high school and the amount of romantic partners in adolescence showed no significant correlation (r = .062, p = .154). The results contribute valuable insights into the potential long-term consequences of early dating experiences, informing strategies for healthier relationship development in adolescence and adulthood.

• #29 - Session 2 - Jackie Kraiss - Predictive value of self-reported behaviors on objective measurements in nutrition students

  Mentor: Damon Joyner
  Department: Exercise and Nutrition Sciences
  Abstract: Objective: We sought to determine whether nutrition students' self-assessment of fruit and vegetable intake, and reported hours of exercise can predict objective measurements of skin carotenoid levels and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Study Design: Data were collected from NUTR 2320 students (n = 49) using InBody and Veggie Meter scans at Weber State University's Human Performance Lab. Students reported daily servings of fruits and vegetables (FV), and hours exercised per week. Two models were used: First, simple linear regression determined a model for self-reported FV and ability to predict skin carotenoid levels. Second, multiple linear regression determined a model for predicting VAT from self-reported FV intake and weekly exercise (in hours). Results: Simple linear regression in SPSS determined that the model for predicting skin carotenoid levels from FV intake is strong (p < 0.001). Alternatively, the model for FV intake and exercise on VAT measurements was unsuccessful (p = 0.674). Conclusion: Self-reported values for FV intake are successful predictors of skin carotenoids, while measurement of VAT cannot be predicted by self-reported FV intake and weekly exercise duration. Nutrition students' self-assessments are more accurate for FV intake than for exercise, indicating stronger assessment capability within their field of study.

• #36 - Session 1 - Jessica Peterson - Conflict resolution as it relates to marital satisfaction in newlyweds

  Additonal Authors: Hailey Payne, Mia Van Tassell, Kailyn Culbertson and Seika Morita
  Mentor: Charles Dunn
  Department: Family Studies
  Abstract: Previous research has shown a direct connection of conflict styles and marital satisfaction. In addition to these findings, studies have revealed that some conflict styles tend to be more problematic than others, including hostile and volatile which lead to lower marital satisfaction, less stability, and stonewalling. The current study observes the effect conflict styles have on marital satisfaction levels among couples within their first five years of marriage specifically. The participants were 206 newlywed individuals, who were gathered through social media, word of mouth, and electronic messaging. Participants were asked questions that evaluated their conflict style, their spouses conflict style, and their marital satisfaction. Results revealed a significant correlation between positive conflict styles and higher marital satisfaction, as well as positive correlation when the couples conflict styles were compatible. By assessing these newlywed couples' conflict styles, information has been added the further the research of conflict styles and marital satisfaction.

• #14 - Session 1 - Rebecca Senecal - What is the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and adult relationship satisfaction?

  Mentor: Charles Dunn
  Department: Child and Family Studies
  Abstract: When someone is emotionally abused as a child, what does it do to them? It can be very traumatizing to go through, and it can change them forever. As they get older, how does the abuse affect their romantic relationships? Can it be beneficial, or does it take a turn for the worse? It is easy to assume that those who have suffered emotional abuse as children will naturally have marital challenges/difficulties. What if some of those children had successful marriages or committed romantic relationships when they got older? This study aims to examine just how childhood emotional abuse affects adult romantic relationship satisfaction and connection. A survey was created using the Qualtrics survey tool, and was then sent out via email, printed flyers, and social media. The target population was individuals between the ages of 18-70. A few weeks later, data was collected from individuals' responses. After looking carefully into the data, there was a two-tailed correlation between some survey questions. This means there was either a positive or a negative significance in the data.

• #46 - Session 1 - Donald Walker - Understanding the Motivations of Climbers in Utah

  Additonal Authors: Tyler Jefferies
  Mentor: Eddie Hill
  Department: Outdoor and Community Recreation Education
  Abstract: The sport of rock climbing has witnessed a remarkable surge in popularity in recent years, especially in the state of Utah. The purpose of this study is to examine the motivations associated with rock climbing in Utah. We will utilize the Means-End of Recreation Scale (MERS) to uncover desired outcomes and values, looking beyond the primary benefits. Similar studies have been conducted in other areas around the world, but this is an approach that has not yet been conducted in the state of Utah. This research can be used for state and federal land managers as they examine users of the area as well as organizations that assist in maintaining resources. In addition, this research may be useful to outdoor recreation programmers to better understand the “participants” while rock climbing. As this study is still being conducted the results and data are still pending.

• #26 - Session 2 - Alyssa Woodbury - American's Overconsumption

  Mentor: Marie Richards
  Department: Early Childhood Education
  Abstract: In the United States, why does overconsumption pose a problem, and what measures can be taken to address it? The culture in the United States has cultivated overconsumption, which significantly impacts both consumers and the environment. In comparison to the rest of the world, the U.S. population consumes more than its fair share of resources. This culture of overconsumption is maintained through advertising and individual expectations. Addressing the problem of overconsumption in the United States is crucial. Simplifying lifestyles and maximizing the use of resources can be effective strategies to mitigate the negative effects of overconsumption and materialism in America.

Engineering, Applied Science and Technology

• #20 - Session 1 - Jared Beh - Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry

  Additonal Authors: Jacob Watts
  Mentor: Shellee Dyer
  Department: Electrical and Computer Engineeringn
  Abstract: Jared Beh Jacob Watts Faculty Advisor: Dr Shellee Dyer ABSTRACT Purpose of the Project: To create and implement an Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) system that measures the width of a microscope slide using an integration of an optical laser, optical detector, a computer with a Graphic User Interface (GUI). Unique Contribution: By accurately measuring the width of a microscope slide enables our OFDR system to be used as various sensors: temperature, stress, strength, fatigue, shape and position, operational loads and many more. This will be the proof of concept that establishes an optics line of study here at Weber State University using OFDR. Research Methodology: We did a great amount of research into various OFDR systems and began to think about what obstacles we may or may not run into when creating our own system so we could design our system. We built our OFDR system using a sweep-able laser, an optical receiver, high pass filter, data acquisition device, and used software to tie the systems together. We thoroughly tested the system and its results. Conclusions: We successfully measured the width of a microscope slide. We verified the results with additional testing by taking two different length fiber optic cables and testing where the reflections differed. The measured difference was the difference in size of the two cables.

• #21 - Session 1 - Benjamin Behling - Exploring the Commercial Crew Program's Contributions to US Crewed Space Flight Capability

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Electrical Engineering
  Abstract: I plan on examining the effect the Commerical Crew Program has had on the human spaceflight capability of the United States's aerospace industry. NASA's commercial crew program was initiated in 2011 to fill a gap in human space access that was left behind when the STS was retried. The program gave NASA the ability to delineate contracts giving private companies in the United States the opportunity to develop the hardware, procedures and expertise needed to fill this gap. The three main recipients of these contracts, Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corporation, and SpaceX, have already made significant progress towards developing manned launch capability. With SpaceX already completing multiple crewed missions to the International Space Station. This has resulted in a marked decrease in the cost per seat to space when compared to the Shuttle program as well as the seats NASA had contracted from Roscosmos on the Soyuz launch vehicle. The improved economics as well as the increased launch volume has also opened the window to purely commercial missions to space which include plans for independent privately operated stations in orbit

• #37 - Session 1 - Colter Blanchard - Electric Powertrain Conversion Kit

  Additonal Authors: Joshua Lepus, Jose Tenorio, Brandon Foremaster, Paul Richardson and Bridger Haacke
  Mentor: Randy Hurd
  Department: Mechanical Engineering
  Abstract: This project and report presents the process and outcomes of converting a gas-powered sport vehicle into an electric-powered vehicle. The project aims to demonstrate the feasibility, replicability, and advantages of this transition in the realm of small recreational vehicles. A concise, affordable, and employable conversion kit is the expected outcome. Each component of the kit and any proceeding alterations to the vehicle were designed in order to achieve safety, performance, efficiency, and reliability. The primary components are a power source, drive system, and throttle control. Alterations include a static analysis to ensure optimal and safe weight distribution. The success of the project will be evaluated with a series of tests to quantify the vehicles endurance, power and speed. It is hypothesized that the conversion kit will produce an electric vehicle that will be able to perform comparably - if not better - than its gas-powered counterpart. The report discusses the practicality of such conversions for consumers and concludes by demonstrating the outcomes and performance of the final product. The design process, testing, analysis, and results are included. This project serves as an example of how engineering innovation increases accessibility to a sustainable future through gas to electric conversions.

• #18 - Session 1 - Bryce Crapse - Golf Courses, are they beneficial to Society?

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Cybersecurity & Network Management
  Abstract: With over 16,000 golf courses spanning 2.4 million acres in the United States, these massive green expanses are often viewed as negative for their water consumption and chemical use. However, I argue that golf courses play a massive role inside of biodiversity and climate change, and are beneficial to society. Dr. Johan Colding's research supports this idea; I highlight that golf courses are crucial habitats for threatened fauna and plant species. I also present Golf course's potential to mitigate urban heat islands, reduce carbon footprints, and foster sustainability; This is supported by the works of Dr. Thu Thi Nguyen, Mark B. Bartlett, and Dr. Ruying Wang. Golf courses can also enhance their ecological impact by utilizing water conservation strategies and reducing synthetic fertilization methods. The research I present calls for a shift in perspective, recognizing the potential of golf courses to serve as ecological assets within urban environments.

• #15 - Session 1 - Esther Earl - Addressing the Cause of Rising ADHD Diagnoses in America

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Computer Science
  Abstract: This research investigates the unprecedented surge in ADHD diagnoses in the United States, challenging the notion that it reflects a genuine increase in the disorder. The study posits that the escalating diagnoses are a consequence of societal transformations rather than an intrinsic rise in ADHD prevalence. The paper contends that as modern society gravitates towards condensed and rapidly accessible information, attention spans have adapted to accommodate shorter, more dynamic content, particularly evident in the prevalence of social media platforms like TikTok. Furthermore, it explores the evolving attitudes towards mental health, noting both commendable progress in de-stigmatization and a paradoxical trend of romanticizing certain disorders. The study emphasizes the ease of self-diagnosis facilitated by online information, contributing to a tendency to attribute commonplace challenges to ADHD without thorough consideration of alternative explanations. Ultimately, the research underscores the need for a nuanced understanding of mental health in the context of contemporary society, advocating for a balanced approach that considers both individual experiences and broader societal influences to address the root causes of attention-related challenges.

• #42 - Session 2 - Amanuel Hailegiorgis - Effect of Saudi Arabia Pro League Investors on European Soccer

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Network Management Technology
  Abstract: Title-Effect of Saudi Arabia Pro League Investors on European Soccer My purpose for this project will be to show how the Saudi Pro League(SPL) soccer is affecting the European soccer competitions around the world. And also explain the way the Saudi League Pro(SPL) is taking over the great athletes from Europe and growing their league. This past year, Saudi has been trying to grow their league, and it all started when they bought one of the greatest soccer player in the world, Cristiano Ronaldo on December 30, 2022 by a team called Al-Nassr Football Club, and then right after that is when a lot of these soccer players were convinced to join the Saudi Pro League(SPL) specially since Cristiano Ronaldo's salary is roughly $213 million dollars. I will be showing how the European soccer league is already being affected by these Saudi transfer markets, and the investment that they are making towards these great soccer players in order for their league to grow, and how they are actively trying to take over in these competitions. I also want to dig deeper into what Saudi's league plans look like in the next upcoming years and how they are maybe planning to compete in the European league games in the near future.

• #16 - Session 2 - Austin Hodson - The United States, Incarceration, Crime and Recidivism.

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Computer Science
  Abstract: This study presents an analytical exploration of the use of incarceration as a crime reduction tool in the United States and its effect on recidivism and crime rates. By investigating the United States' use of incarceration, with both escalating crime rates and an unprecedentedly large incarcerated population, this paper examines the contradiction in current crime control strategies. The historical backdrop of punitive 'tough on crime' policies and the use of mandatory minimum sentences form the core of the research context, highlighting a systemic shift towards mass incarceration since the 1980s. The paper analyzes scholarly works, judicial reports, and crime data to identify the impact of incarceration. The study reveals that the United States' current use of incarceration fails to reduce crime and rehabilitate offenders. This is evidenced by persistently rising crime and recidivism rates, particularly among those convicted of minor and non-violent offenses. The findings suggest that the United States' focus on incarceration overshadows the potential of rehabilitative measures, contributing to an increased cycle of reoffending. The paper proposes a re-evaluation of the current approach, advocating for a shift towards more effective rehabilitative strategies and alternatives to incarceration. These alternatives, such as community service, treatment programs, house arrest, and ankle monitors, could prove to be more beneficial for the individuals and society at large, contributing to a decrease in crime and recidivism rates and paving the way for a reformative future in criminal justice.

• #28 - Session 1 - Sujan Khadka - What are the worst negative impacts that industrial emissions on air quality have on human health in India

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: English
  Abstract: I proposed to discuss the increasing air pollution in India which is a result of daily basis activities. Inhalation of polluted air in a particular region has caused the risk of respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and aggravated lung function. This has long and short-term impacts on human health of different ages. As India is a developing country in terms of industrialization it is making a good amount of capital but on the other hand it has lost its economy in the field of health. Most of the data is from government agencies and reports that I analyze for the resource. So, the methodology I have used is Sampling analysis. The research finding highlights the severe and far way consequences of industrial emissions on human health in India. This has shown the correlation between pollution levels and it's effect on human health. The number of patients with air-polluted diseases has been increasing as compared to past years. The increasing level of air pollution has shown the urgent need for rules and regulations to control it.

• #17 - Session 2 - Logan Parsons - Walkable Cities and Their Benefits

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Computer Science
  Abstract: Walkable cities is the term used to refer to cities, neighborhoods, or communities in which everything a person would need is within 15 minutes, whether by foot, car, or public transport. This includes necessities such as grocery stores and luxuries like cafes and shops. Walkable cities have a long list of mental, physical, environmental, and economic benefits. In my paper, I discuss these benefits and go into more detail on them. Additionally, I touch more on what exactly defines a walkable city, and how feasible it is to implement them. I do this by examining a wide range of sources and data, all from a variety of credible authors. Through this paper, the conclusion is reached that the benefits of walkable cities are too great to ignore, and implementing them, while a challenge, is not impossible.

• #23 - Session 1 - Cortez Quinones - The Problems that College Tuition Causes

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Engineering
  Abstract: I propose to discuss the difficulties that high-costing college tuition causes in the lives of students in the U.S. Over the years, college tuition has done nothing but rise. Along with these prices, so have depression, anxiety, and stress levels in students across the nation which stem from the ever-rising cost. Homelessness and hunger are also becoming more common among undergraduates. With reports from mental health experts on campus, official college websites that took surveys within their campus, and interviews with individual post- and undergraduates, higher education seems harder and almost not worth what people are going through. Years of paying student loan debt, and delaying important life events, such as getting married, buying a house, and having children, among other things, wait for students after getting their degree. I want to examine further the research that has been done about issues that students are facing from expensive college tuition so that people can better understand the damage that is being done to the personal lives of students across the U.S.

• #31 - Session 1 - Nischal Shrestha - Impact of Excessive Use of social media on mental health and academic performance among teenagers

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: English
  Abstract: With the growing number of social media users especially youths, various negative consequences have been observed so I propose to discuss how excessive use of social media is affecting teenagers' mental health and their academic performance due to its association with anxiety, depression, cyberbullying, etc. I want to examine the method of random questionnaire sampling done among 220 Canadian undergraduate students ages 17 to 25 to determine how lower use of social media improves their mental well-being. Different questions were asked about their appearance at the beginning and at the end of an experiment. Those who reduce their social media usage by half amount reduce the practice of social comparison which is a root cause of anxiety. My survey (n = 30, class =10, time duration = 2 semesters) resulted in the findings that social media usage for 1 hour a day helps to improve the overall GPA of students. The results indicate that teenagers who spend a huge amount of time on social media are prone to face from mental health illness and bad academic results. Further research is needed to strongly consider several factors that might affect the relationship between overuse of social media and mental health.

• #22 - Session 1 - Christopher Thompson - Confidential Radar-Based Infant Breath and Heart Rate Monitor (CRIB)

  Additonal Authors: Braden Radle
  Mentors: Shellee Dyer and Fon Brown
  Department: Electrical Engineering
  Abstract: With the growing number of social media users especially youths, various negative consequences have been observed so I propose to discuss how excessive use of social media is affecting teenagers' mental health and their academic performance due to its association with anxiety, depression, cyberbullying, etc. I want to examine the method of random questionnaire sampling done among 220 Canadian undergraduate students ages 17 to 25 to determine how lower use of social media improves their mental well-being. Different questions were asked about their appearance at the beginning and at the end of an experiment. Those who reduce their social media usage by half amount reduce the practice of social comparison which is a root cause of anxiety. My survey (n = 30, class =10, time duration = 2 semesters) resulted in the findings that social media usage for 1 hour a day helps to improve the overall GPA of students. The results indicate that teenagers who spend a huge amount of time on social media are prone to face from mental health illness and bad academic results. Further research is needed to strongly consider several factors that might affect the relationship between overuse of social media and mental health.

Health Professions

• #45 - Session 2 - Alexis Barker - Correlation between Self-Reported Fruit and Vegetable Intake Values and Carotenoid Measurements.

  Mentor: Damon Joyner
  Department: Nutrition Education
  Abstract: Objective: Self-reported data regarding fruit and vegetable intake is susceptible to the interpretation of the individual, which can lead to inaccuracy. Testing for carotenoids, which are abundant in an array of fruits and vegetables and stored in human skin, could predict whether self-reported fruit and vegetable intake would be a true representation. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the correlation between subjective self-reported intake and objective carotenoid measurements. Study Design: Participants were nutrition students in the age range between 18-48. Each participant answered a simple survey inquiring about their average daily intake of fruit and vegetables servings. In Body was used for each participant to measure body composition. Carotenoids measurement was taken via reflective spectroscopy to measures the amount stored within the skin. Results: After collection of all of the data, linear regression was performed between self-reported fruit and vegetable and carotenoids. A positive significant relationship was revealed with the values r= 0.644 and p < 0.001. This positive correlation gives strong evidence that those with higher carotenoid measurements did report a higher fruit and vegetable intakes than those that didn't. The study established a statistically significant correlation between self-reported data regarding fruit and vegetable and subjective carotenoid measurements.

• #24 - Session 1 - Gage Fry - Examining the Impact of Physical Activity on Mental Health

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: English
  Abstract: I propose to examine the impact that physical activity has on mental health. In my research, I plan to look at the results found in various studies and academic papers that analyze the effects of physical activity on mental health. Research shows that physical activity brings with it not only a host of physical benefits, (such as weight management, increased strength/athletic performance, and a reduced risk of disease) but mental benefits as well. It has been shown that, on average, those who exercise regularly have lower rates of mental illness. Physical activity has also been connected to enhanced mood and self-esteem, a decrease in stress tendencies, improved brain health and cognitive function, and increased mental alertness. I plan to use these findings to show that physical activity can improve mental health in a number of ways and may help combat the rise of mental health disorders, which have become more common over the past few decades.

• #53 - Session 2 - Emily Rodriguez - The Inequality of the American Dream

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Radiology
  Abstract: I propose to discuss how the American Dream ideology is effortlessly achievable to those who are privileged compared to immigrants. Historically the country has been defined as the land of opportunities and because of that, many immigrants want to achieve the American Dream. All immigrants come with the intent of pursuing a better and more stable life escaping their own country. Even though the ideology states that anyone can achieve the American Dream through hard work no matter their social status or where they come from, barriers exist that prevent immigrants from achieving this ideology. The barriers that many immigrants face are racism and discrimination, lack of language, and limited access to job opportunities due to their citizenship residency status. Many laws have also been established that have affected immigrants and have increased the fear of deportation. I want to explore the barriers that immigrants face and how they affect their lives and compare them to those who are privileged, have easy access to resources and don't have to face what immigrants do. There will be a focus on how this has been a historical problem and not a current situation.

• #44 - Session 2 - Marcella Tabin - Depression Medication Shouldn't be The First-Line-Of-Defense

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Nursing
  Abstract: I intend to demonstrate the current need for depression treatments that are affordable and beneficial. The average family cannot afford the recurring monthly cost of medication sometimes involved with depression treatments. These medications are not always as beneficial as they seem and many times come with a plethora of undesirable side effects. Studies show that other non-medicated treatments are sometimes better at treating certain depressive symptoms. Many of these worthwhile treatments benefit those without depressive symptoms. I argue that depression treatments can be cheap and easy, while still being beneficial and are something that families can do together to support each other through trying times when experiencing depressive symptoms.

Library

• #32 - Session 2 - Emma Heaps - Mythical Creatures and the Brain

  Mentors: Ryan Evans
  Department: General
  Abstract: I propose to talk about the influence that believing in mythical creatures has on children, and what we need to do about the availability of this information. This would include creatures and characters such as aliens, Bigfoot, Santa Clause, The Tooth Fairy, and others. The research points to different issues caused within children due to the belief in these creatures. Issues like schizophrenia, memory altercations, and ability to differentiate facts and myths. The research also points to how a lot of the information that we receive and pass on isn't necessarily accurate because of where we hear it, and the more we pass it on the less accurate it gets.I am suggesting that we should be more cautious of the information that we are receiving, and also allowing kids to grow up before we start teaching them such a big topic that can be harmful for them.

• #19 - Session 1 - Caleb Paulson - Video Game Psychology Impact

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: English
  Abstract: The video game universe and industry has taken the world by storm as an incredibly diverse interactive art form. The stories and experiences within them challenge perceptions of everything from the vast universe to the smallest days in people's lives. As such, from their inception all the way to today, they have solidified their place among right-wing news's top persecuted media. This should make any inquisitive mind wonder just how truthful this rhetoric is. It is dangerously untrue to blanket label all video games as an easy spawn of aggression, sociopathy, and depravity towards young moldable minds all over the world. For this presentation, I will show the facts of some of the psychological benefits developing-age players around the world can reap from playing video games, including social skills, education, and mental health. I will utilize these to argue in favor of institutions utilizing video games for enrichment in skills such as literacy, adaptability, and sociality. The forward thinking and discussion I hope to compel is that, for this demographic, the positive neurological effects of healthy amounts of gaming far outweigh the negative effects.

Science

• #38 - Session 1 - Brook Baker - Expression and purification of two light color-sensing Cyanobacteriochromes in E. Coli

  Mentor: Lisa Wiltbank
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria utilize light as a nutrient for energy, biosynthesis, and as information to mitigate harmful light conditions. A well-known example Fremyella diplosiphon harnesses the informational capacity of light, utilizing special phytochrome-like photoreceptors that sense the color and intensity to control processes such as photosynthesis, phototaxis, and cell aggregation. Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are photoreceptors that have wide color-sensing ability from UV to far-red light. F. diplosiphon contains 27 of these unique CBCRs which respond to two light colors, of which only three CBCRs have been purified and characterized. Our goal is to characterize two CBCRs with working names BG598 and BG147. Gene sequence alignments show two conserved cysteine residues required for CBCRs to sense light in the UV to orange region of the light spectrum. After purifying the GAF domain of both CBCRs, preliminary results indicate BG147 senses UV/yellow light, while BG 598 senses blue/orange light. GAF domain CBCRs are appealing because, collectively, they sense light across the whole visible spectrum using a single domain. In the future we will knock out the GAF domain to determine its cellular function. Our results could present exciting possibilities of using CBCR GAF domains in industrial process and in optogenetics.

• #35 - Session 2 - Karissa Bauer - Brain-eating amoeba rescue-of-infection model using drug combinations

  Additional Authors:Andrew Torena, James Belnap, Braden Freestone, Luis Montenegro Calla, Kennedy Luis, Emilee Snow, Xander Beasley and Joshua Mackley
  Mentor: Daniel Clark
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: In the United States, 157 documented cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) have been recorded between 1962 and 2022. In the 60 years since the first reported case, only four patients have survived; a 97.5% fatality rate. The causative agent responsible for the highly fatal infections, is the free-living, single-celled parasite, Naegleria fowleri— or the “brain-eating amoeba.” The aquatic thermophiles are opportunistic pathogens that inhabit a wide range of environments; from poorly maintained pools, moist sediment, rivers, lakes, etc. Exposure to N. fowleri invasion is reliant on direct contact with a host's upper nasal mucosa, and the active parasite. Rapid deterioration of neural tissues occurs shortly after infection. Today, there is no universally accepted treatment plan for treating PAM infections. The CDC has recommended an empirical approach to treatment, and suggests utilizing combination drug-therapies. Suggested drugs include Amphotericin B, Azithromycin, Fluconazole, Miltefosine, and Rifampin. To better understand and evaluate the effects of these drugs on N. fowleri, a rescue-of-infection model was applied to test the efficacy of single and combination-drug treatments, at various time points. The model utilized an immortalized HeLa cell line that was infected with the amoebae until roughly 50% cytotoxicity was observed. The rescue stage commenced with drug additions, and HeLa cell metabolism, and apoptosis levels were monitored using fluorescence viability assays and caspase-3 enzyme detection systems. Drug combinations that included Rifampin and Amphotericin B, provided the greatest protection for human Hela cells against N. fowleri infections. Data collected from this model provides deeper understanding of Naegleria fowleri pathogenicity. This knowledge will aid the development of more reliable and efficient treatments for this devastating infection.

• #54 - Session 2 - Annie Beckstrand - The Effects of Bird Collisions with Windows and Buildings, and How to Prevent Them

  Mentor: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Zoology
  Abstract: I would like to raise awareness of the impact of bird collisions with windows in North America in the last 20 years. I propose to discuss the seriousness of these strikes with glass, why they happen, and what should be done to prevent collisions from happening. 365 million to 988 million birds die per year due to glass collisions in the United States, and 16 to 42 million bird deaths due to window strikes are reported per year in Canada. These collisions reduce the bird population in North America every year by 2% to 9%, which is a harrowing percentage when taking into consideration that about 37% percent of bird species in the US are at risk of extinction without intervention. I want to explain why these strikes happen so I can show what individuals can do to prevent them from happening, and why they should help mitigate the impacts these collisions have on bird populations.

• #39 - Session 1 - Bree Berdinner - Aerobic Bacterial Growth in Reusable Water Bottles

  Mentor: Michele Culumber
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Aerobic Bacterial Growth in Reusable Water Bottles Over 155 million Americans own and use a reusable water bottle. However, the cleanliness of reusable water bottles is not well studied. We wanted to find out if different cleaning methods affect the amount of microbes present in reusable water bottles. In this study, thirty-two reusable water bottles were collected from a microbiology class and were tested for the amount of aerobic bacteria. The water bottles were emptied, filled with a detergent and saline mixture and shaken in a 1-foot arc 60 times. The mixture was then diluted in saline, and plated on Aerobic Plate Count Petrifilm® (3M). Participants in the study took a survey stating the last time their water bottle was washed and cleaning method used. Survey answers were correlated to the plate count analysis. There were no significant differences found between cleaning methods. However, about twenty-eight percent of the reusable water bottles showed countable growth on the Petrifilm. The range was between 460 and 5.5x105 CFU/ml. The average cell growth for all bottles was 1.9x104 CFU/ml. Some other variables that may account for the differences observed in the amount of bacteria found in the water bottles could include, material, construction (e.g. straws), or type of beverage. Overall, although most water bottles did not contain detectable levels of bacterial growth care more work is needed to assess the risk of microbial contamination from water bottles.

• #1 - Session 1 - Brittney Child - Investigating differences in potential ALS drugs to improve therapeutic outcomes

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Biochemistry
  Abstract: ALS is a neurodegenerative disorder which leads to paralysis and death. There is no known cure for ALS, but there are drugs that are known to slow disease progression. Riluzole is a glutamate blocker drug which has been shown to slow ALS progression. Riluzole is known to bind to human TRPC5 channel. TRPC receptors are known to be implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Topiramate is another glutamate blocker which increases ALS progression. Ketamine, a glutamate blocker, is a drug that is currently being studied for use in ALS. The aim of this research is to evaluate the predicted free energy of binding and binding interactions for topiramate, riluzole, ketamine, and a modified small molecule to the human TRPC5 channel. Using Maestro, the docking scores of ketamine, riluzole, topiramate, and a modified version of ketamine, the docking scores will be evaluated. The ADMET characteristics of each of theses small molecules will be assessed using ADMET prediction programs. The conclusions of this research will be discussed in the poster.

• #7 - Session 1 - Huong Dang - Synthesis of zircon microcrystal

  Additonal Authors:Brandon Paredes
  Mentor: Brandon Burnett
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: Herein, we report the synthesis of zircon (ZrSiO4) through a sol-gel semi-alkoxide process followed by a high temperature anneal. The final zircon phase is produced only after creating an amorphous intermediate, and heating above 1200 °C for at least 4 hours. Lower temperature annealings afford either the amorphous intermediate, or a side-phase, t-zirconia (ZrSiO2), as evident from x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The zircon product was analyzed by XRD, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. This process created high quality microcrystals to be used for irradiation experiments, in collaboration with the Physics and Earth and Environmental Sciences departments, to help understand how natural zircon is affected by incorporated radioactive uranium, thorium, and plutonium.

• #8 - Session 1 - Allyson Dangel - Using Computer Aided Drug Design to Inhibit the NKG2D Protein as a Potential Treatment for MS

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks itself by mistake. In previous research, it was found that the protein NKG2D, expressed by cytotoxic immune cells, is involved and elevated in the MS disease pathway. When this protein is bound by a ligand it becomes activated. The specific ligand that was researched was the one found in mice, MULT1, which is similar to the ligand that is found in humans. This ligand is quite large, ranging from 25-55 kDa, indicating that it is a peptide. The aim of this research is to create a peptide that will bind NKG2D, similarly to the MULT1 ligand, to cause inhibition. To achieve this goal, the peptide created will be modeled after the pre-existing ligand with similar binding properties. Then the peptide/ligand will be loaded into the Maestro program to test docking ability. Other programs, as shown on the poster, will also be used to test the efficacy of the new peptide. While creating a new peptide to bind to the protein may prove difficult, it could show a promising new treatment for those diagnosed with MS.

• #8 - Session 2 - Allyson Dangel - Acyl Peptide Enzyme Hydrolase (APEH) activity is not inhibited by individual components of e-cig oil

  Mentors: Tracy Covey and Demetrios Pagonis
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: Acyl peptide enzyme hydrolase (APEH) functions in the body in a few different ways but is most known to recycle N-acetylated proteins. Another important function of APEH is to assist with instances of oxidative stress imbalances(1). APEH activity has been reported to be decreased in diseases with high oxidative stress, like Alzheimer's Disease and Type II Diabetes(2). APEH inhibition may be significant because if oxidative stress imbalances aren't being taken care of then damage to the body occurs(3). This work builds on previously published work showing that APEH activity is down in the brains of mice exposed to e-cigarette vapor(1). Although the paper concluded that oxidative stress metabolites were inhibiting APEH, it is possible that e-cigarette components contribute to this inhibition. Herein we tested the different components of e-cigarette oil to determine any other possible inhibition factors in effect. In this data we found that the specific components of e-cigarette oil did not significantly contribute to the inhibition of APEH.

• #1 - Session 2 - Uyen Dao - Those sleepless nights can be solved

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Biochemistry
  Abstract: Daridorexant (also known as Quviviq) was approved by FDA to use as a drug treatment for insomnia in adults in 2022. This prescribed drug is known as an orexin receptor antagonist. Orexin is a neuron peptide in our brain that releases neurotransmitters (such as dopamine, serotonin,etc) that keep us awake. It works on orexin type 1 (OX1) and orexin type 2 (OX2), in which the project will mainly focus on OX2. With trials in groups of patients, the result showed that there were many common side effects, including headache, fatigue, nausea, daytime sleepiness, and so on. Therefore, the aim of this research is to reduce those common side effects and effectively inhibit OX2. To achieve the goal, docking is used to determine the best glide score and admet is applied to identify its toxicity, druglikeness towards human. The conclusion for the project will be presented in the symposium.

• #48 - Session 2 - Teagan Della Cerra - CosmicWatch Muon Detector Build and Counts Under Shielding of Lead, Polyethylene, and Water

  Mentors: Kristin Rabosky and John Armstrong
  Department: Physics and Astronomy
  Abstract: When high energy cosmic rays come into contact with earth's upper atmospheric particles, muons can be created. From there, muons are showered all across the earth's surface. Using the CosmicWatch outline provided by Spencer Axani, I built a working muon detector and tested how muon counts are affected by shielding of commonly found materials at varying thicknesses. The materials explored were lead, polyethylene, and water. While there was no convincing evidence of lead and water shielding thickness affecting muon counts, in my trials, polyethylene thickness followed an inverse trend related to muon detection. More trials would be needed to confirm such a correlation.

• #27 - Session 2 - Cody Ellsworth - Impacts of Deicing Materials on Ogden River

  Additonal Authors: Elizabeth Stringham and Selena Nielsen
  Mentor: Caitlin Tems
  Department: Environmental Science
  Abstract: Utah experiences extreme variability in seasonal weather. This past winter delivered record snowfall and from that, over 370,000 gallons of deicing material were used on Utah roads this winter (UDOT, 2023). Ogden Canyon is a highly trafficked area and requires these deicing materials to keep it safe to travel. A WSU study conducted in October 2022 found elevated levels of sodium, calcium, and potassium at the input to Ogden River, which are all common elements used in deicing materials. To verify if elements associated with deicing materials impact Ogden River water quality, we sampled multiple locations along the river in Ogden Canyon and measured the concentrations of key deicing elements. Our study, conducted in February of 2023, found that sodium and magnesium (elements commonly used in deicing materials) were consistently high throughout our transect of the Ogden River, with magnesium showing a slight increase further down the river. Calcium, manganese, iron, and mercury also show elevated concentrations upstream in Ogden River and decreased downstream in our transect, suggesting the Wastewater Treatment Facility located between Pineview Reservoir (Site 1) and the USGS Gauge Site in Ogden River (Site 2) is the source. Taking measurements in October 2023 should give us a greater view of the effects deicing materials and the input of chemicals into the river from the Wastewater Treatment Facility have on the water quality of Ogden River.

• #5 - Session 1 - Naomi Elmer - Quantitative Analysis of Mitragynine in Commercial Kratom Products

  Additonal Authors: Amanda Myers
  Mentors: Edward Walker and Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, is an indigenous tree in Thailand, Myanmar, and Malaysia, with a rich folklore describing various biological activities including analgesic effects. Clinical studies suggest that Kratom tea has potential to be an effective alternative to opioids for pain relief. The active ingredients are believed to be a variety of alkaloids, with the most important ones being mitragynine (MIT), and 7-hydroxymitragynine (7OH-MIT). However, kratom products are sold under a variety of trade names with no data regarding the chemical composition of plant material being consumed. We utilized high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure MIT and 7OH-MIT in a number of commercially available products. Our test results show significant differences between the MIT concentration label claims and the actual MIT contents in some of these products.

• #7 - Session 2 - Mitchell Evans - Potential Selective Pharmacophore Model of Gamma-Secretase for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease where vital connections between neurons are blocked and ultimately lost, leading to memory loss, mood swings, isolation, loss of personality, and eventually death. Currently over 55 million individuals suffer from Alzheimer's disease with millions more being diagnosed each year. One of the current theories of how Alzheimer's disease progresses is by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques, a build up of beta-amyloid fragments created by incorrect cleaving of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). This incorrect cleaving is caused by gamma-secretase, a multi-subunit protease which, among other processes, creates the fragments while cleaving APP. The aim of this research is to create a pharmacophore model of gamma-secretase to potentially inhibit it. To achieve this end in silico modeling of gamma secretase in conjunction with evaluating docking scores of multiple compounds will be done to create the pharmacophore model. With a strong pharmacophore model, potential small drug molecules or biologics can be used to slow or even prevent the progress of Alzheimer's disease.

• #2 - Session 1 - Grace Hansen - Investigation of the Use of a Cost-Effective Molecule in Place of Acamprosate for Alcohol-Dependence

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Biochemistry
  Abstract: Alcohol is one of the many leading preventable causes of death in the world. While there are therapies for alcohol-dependent people, there are very few drugs used in treatment. Acamprosate, one of the few drugs for alcohol-dependence, is a drug that helps reduce the urge to consume alcohol and is used alongside therapy. However, the price of Acamprosate is expensive. The goal of this research is to see if Ethyl Dimethyl Ammonio Propane Sulfonate (EDAPS) can be used in place of Acamprosate to reduce costs. The plan is to compare the pharmacophore models of Acamprosate and EDAPS, and compare the docking of the two small molecules to three different proteins prevalent in preventing alcohol-consumption urges. The results of this research will be presented at the OUR symposium.

• #9 - Session 2 - Zachary Harris - Investigating the Mechanism of Chalcone derivatives on Cancer Cell Toxicity

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: Cancer cells are extremely resistant to pharmacological interventions. Most cancerous cell lines will develop drug resistance as new chemotherapy compounds are introduced. As such, it is important that new treatments are continually investigated. In this work, we describe the in vitro investigation into the lethal dose required to kill cancer cells (LD50) of 28 chalcone derivatives. Chalcones are flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables. They have attracted attention because of their pharmacological, and cytotoxic properties: mainly anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In collaboration with Dr. Davies synthesis lab, we tested these chemicals' toxicity to human cervical cancer cells (HeLa Cells) to develop a structure activity relationship. We aimed to extend this work with additional in vitro scrutiny using flow cytometry, unraveling intricate details of the mechanisms governing cell death induced by each chalcone. Of the 28 tested chalcones, there is a wide-range of effects on Hela cells from barely toxic to extremely toxic. Using the most effective chalcones, preliminary results of flow cytometry suggest that the chalcones appear to induce apoptosis in the HeLa cells. Combining cellular mechanisms with structure-activity relationships is important for improving the therapeutic potential of chalcones on cancer cytotoxicity.

• #36 - Session 2 - Gavin Jarman - Concentration of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) from a historically contaminated pond in MA

  Additional Authors: Brodie Taylor, Caroline Jackson and Marina Sidenko
  Mentors: Katrina Twing and Demetrios Pagonis
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants from industrial waste that can accumulate in the environment they can lead to dangerous effects on ecosystems and humans. Dr. Twing grew up Massachusetts in a location that was affected by the irresponsible disposal of such toxic chemicals. In June of 2023, Dr. Twing traveled to Massachusetts and lead a team to collect mud samples suspected to be contaminated by PCBs for geochemical and microbiology analyses to assess if microbes are helping to decontaminate the environment. While it is suspected that the mud samples contain PCBs, both from historical data and colorimetric field test, taken at the time of sample collection, the exact chemical composition and concentration of the PCBs in these samples was not known. As a part of our CRE projects in Microbial Ecology (MICR3154) and Environmental Chemistry (CHEM3510), we formed an interdisciplinary collaboration to address this question using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).

• #40 - Session 1 - Coleman Judd - Closely related Enterobacteriaceae species with antibiotic class and subclass resistance

  Additional Authors: Alexander Beagley
  Mentor: Michelle Culumber
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Due to the overuse of antibiotics in industrial, agricultural, and medical settings, antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming more prevalent in various unique settings. We set out with the goal of identifying antibiotic-resistant bacteria from the Great Salt Lake waterfront. After isolating colonies on agar containing the antibiotic Tetracycline, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and identified three separate Enterobacteriaceae species all exhibiting varying levels of antibiotic resistance. We performed an array of biochemical and physiological tests to further distinguish the Enterobacteriaceae species. Full spectrum biochemical tests indicate two near identical species followed by a third, novel species as both a phenotypic and biochemical outlier. Antibiotic resistant bacteria within the Great Salt Lake region present an ever-growing dilemma of clinical and environmental danger that accompanies antibiotic resistant microbes.

• #37 - Session 2 - Kayden Kawaguchi - Desiccation, Re-submergence, and Recovery of Microbialites in the Great Salt Lake, Utah (USA)

  Additonal Authors: Kenley Stanger, Kami Nalder, Jessika Tobey, Sophie Trafelet, Brody Manore and Krimson Anderson
  Mentor: Carie Frantz
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Great Salt Lake's hypersaline environment sustains migratory birds, international aquaculture, and unique microbialite reefs. Historic fall in lake level from 2021–2022 subjected microbialites to desiccation, with potential consequences for the lake ecosystem. Summer 2023 saw lake level rebound over five feet, presenting an opportunity to understand the recovery of desiccated microbialites as salinity returned to normal. We collected core samples from recently resubmerged microbialites at different lake depths, representing varied durations of re-submergence to assess the health and recovery of their microbial communities. Pigment analysis and 16s rRNA gene sequencing of these samples indicate that extensive resubmergence has a direct correlation with higher presence of both Chl a., and DNA concentration. Our results inform our understanding of how Great Salt Lake's microbialite communities recover from periods of desiccation.

• #18 - Session 2 - Rory Keefer - Environmental Impact of Historical Mining in the Oquirrh Mountains, Utah

  Additonal Authors: Logan Knight and Erik Larson
  Mentor: Marek Matyjasik
  Department: Earth And Environmental Sciences
  Abstract: Environmental Impact of Historical Mining in the Oquirrh Mountains, Utah Rory Keefer, Logan Knight, Erik Larson, Marek Matyjasik. Across the western United States, there has been a history of heavy metal contamination and acid mine drainage from tailing piles of historic mining activity. Specifically in central northern Utah, the Oquirrh Mountains included mining districts that incorporated Ophir, Stockton, and Mercur which operated intermittently from 1870 to 1971. These mining districts were centered around lead, zinc, copper, silver, and gold deposits. Many present-day communities live downstream of these mine-waste-contaminated streams/rivers and continue to face serious health problems including various types of heavy metal poisoning. The scope of this project was to determine the levels of heavy metal contamination, acid mine drainage in the surrounding creeks, and the impact on drainage systems near mine tailings in the Oquirrh Mountain mining districts. Water, vegetation, and soil samples were gathered in drainages at Ophir, Stockton, and Mercur. We measured the levels of various heavy metals with ICP-OES/ICP-MS. Water thermodynamics were also measured in situ with the pH probe, TDS probe, O&R Potential probe, and temperature probe to understand the dissolution of heavy metals in water. With the summarized dissolved mineral and elemental data from ICP-OES/ICP-MS we are able to see the amounts of heavy metal concentrations in each sample and correlate them to the poorly contained tailings piles.

• #9 - Session 1 - Bryan Kelley - Accessible Chalcone Scaffold for the Inhibition of Aurora A Kinase as a Treatment for Cancer

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: Aurora A kinase (AurA), a crucial serine/threonine kinase involved in mitosis. AurA facilitates the G2/M transition, centrosome maturation, and mitotic spindle assembly. It is notably overexpressed in various cancers, including breast, colorectal, nasopharyngeal, and gastric cancers, that lead to tumor development. Traditionally, small molecule drugs that target AurA for their anti-cancer effects are complicated and require extensive synthesis. However, Shin et al proposed a method for effective AurA inhibition using a chalcone scaffold, which involves an a/ß-unsaturated ketone. In this research, we propose the use of various small molecule inhibitors built from a chalcone scaffold that can be readily synthesized in a laboratory using accessible reagents. Multiple chalcone-like small molecules have been designed and tested against AurA in silico using Schrodinger's Maestro to develop docking data. The ADMET properties of these small molecules were predicted through SMARTCYP and ADMET Lab 2.0, to understand how these molecules interact with the body. These designed molecules have been evaluated for their efficacy using two researched molecules, MK-5108 and chromenylchalcone 11 as standards. The results of these findings are to be presented.

• #4 - Session 1 - Addison Lane - Student Perceptions of Microorganisms

  Mentor: Lisa Wiltbank
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Bacteria and viruses are microorganisms that inhabit the world around us and interact with humans and other living things. The close associations these microbes have with their environment can result in both positive and negative effects. While most people are aware of the existence of these microbes, research shows that human perceptions of these tiny organisms are often incomplete or filled with misconceptions (Briggs et al., 2017). The purpose of our research was to examine college students' knowledge of microbes with positive effects on living organisms (“good” microbes) compared to microbes with negative effects (“bad” microbes). In this study, 924 college students were surveyed about their perceptions of bacteria and viruses. A variety of students were surveyed and categorized based upon their previous educational experiences in biology or microbiology courses. Our results highlight the disparity of comprehension concerning both good bacteria and good viruses compared to their “bad” counterparts among all levels of students. We found that students were better able to identify specific examples of bad microbes by name, specifically viruses, than they were with good microbes. In addition to these results, our research outcomes also point out a lack of knowledge among students of the benefits of microbes which indicates a need for further instruction of these topics in college classrooms. Briggs, Amy G., Lee E. Hughes, Robert E. Brennan, John Buchner, Rachel E. A. Horak, D. Sue Katz Amburn, Ann H. McDonald, et al. 2017. “Concept Inventory Development Reveals Common Student Misconceptions about Microbiology.” Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education 18 (3): 18.3.30. https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v18i3.1319.

• #2 - Session 2 - Jacob Lee - Discovery of Tea Extract Activators of Acyl Peptide Hydrolase (APEH)

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Biochemistry
  Abstract: Acyl peptide Hydrolase (APEH) activity is important for normal cellular function and APEH activity is lowered in many different diseases, including Alzhimers and Type II Diabetes. Therapeutic activators of APEH are of interest, because they may increase cytoprotective mechanisms. Based on the paper by Izishaki, et. al., tea extracts can activate APEH. In this work, additional teas were tested to see if the published results could be replicated and to extend the work by finding additional activators. Tea extracts were brewed and then tested in vitro to determine the APEH activity. Winter spice tea was the only activator in the teas tested and a dose curve was obtained. However, results for experimental replicates were inconsistent.

• #10 - Session 2 - Faith Luk - Herbal Tea Extract Effects on APEH Activity

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to excess sugars. Glycative stress is a cellular status with abnormal and accelerated accumulation of AGEs and is associated with the development of diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes, and various types of carcinomas. In order to decrease the accumulation of AGEs, mechanisms that prevent glycative stress are of interest. Acyl Peptide Enzyme Hydrolase (APEH, also called Oxidized Protein Hydrolase (OPH)) is a dual function enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-terminal acetylated amino acids and also degrades oxidized and damaged proteins as a result of AGEs. Building off recent published work, we showed that tea extracts can activate APEH/OPH and hypothesized that herbal tea extracts may reduce the accumulation of AGEs by enhancing APEH activity. This suggests that activating herbal teas could contribute to prevention of diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes, and different types of carcinomas.

• #10 - Session 1 - Natalie Madsen - Heavy Metal Variation in Horse Hooves

  Mentor: Michelle Paustenbaugh
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: Use of heavy metal concentrations in human hair and nails as biomarkers for environmental contamination is widespread. This investigation examines and compares the heavy metals present in inner and outer horse hooves. Samples of horse hooves, diet, and water were collected and analyzed using ICP-MS. While no significant difference in metal concentration was found in the inner and outer hoof, trends did emerge. These trends may be explained by the horse's age, diet, water source, and each horse's individual biochemistry. To continue this investigation, one could expand the sample size to account for the horses' ages. Testing hooves for metal content could be used to alert caretakers of a possible long-term contamination of feed and water or horse health abnormalities.

• #47 - Session 2 - Jade Marchant - Solar Activity Influence on Cosmic Ray Detection

  Mentors: Kristin Rabosky and John Armstrong
  Department: Physics and Astronomy
  Abstract: Undergraduate students in the Physics Advanced Lab course at Weber State University have had the unique opportunity to build CosmicWatch muon detectors. To expand upon the knowledge gained from the construction of these detectors, we conducted an experiment that had specific aims to measure the correlation between muon detection and current solar activity. This was done by taking daily muon count rate measurements and comparing it to daily sunspot and solar flare activity data retrieved from various space weather agencies. This experiment allowed us to test the capabilities of the detectors while also exploring fascinating astrophysical phenomena. Our results indicate that muon detection through the CosmicWatch detectors does not correlate with changes in daily solar activity.

• #41 - Session 1 - Avalon Marker - MRSA Biofilm Killing by Phage and Antibiotic Combinations

  Additional Authors: Rainey Hughes, Elizabeth Bouwhuis, Jared Nielson, Yeshi Dudde, Bryan Dopp and Scot Carrington
  Mentors: Daniel Clark
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Antibiotic resistance is a problem of great concern in the medical community, with bacterial resistance to antibiotics increasing proportional to their use–and antibiotic use has never been higher. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria such as methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) can cause fatal infections and are known for antibiotic resistance. The problems due to this resistance are compounded when the infecting bacteria form a biofilm. Biofilms are thick, sticky layers of bacteria and their secretions, and they are difficult for antibiotics to penetrate. Biofilm formation is common in hospital settings, such as on stents, catheters, and IV lines. Biofilms also make antibiotic treatment risky due to incomplete killing—the most resistant bacteria survive exposure. Interestingly, there is some evidence that bacteriophage (the viruses that infect bacteria) can break up biofilms, which may make them more susceptible to antibiotics. We induced biofilm formation using a bioreactor, BHI broth, and the Rosenbach MRSA strain. Once the biofilm formed, we tested concentrations of antibiotics (oxacillin and vancomycin) with Phage K to determine MRSA killing. A Tecan plate reader was used to evaluate bacterial growth via absorbance measurements at 595nm as well as visual cloudiness. Biofilms were quantified by staining. It was found that combinations of antibiotic and phage increased MRSA killing compared to phage or antibiotic alone. This research is designed to find more efficient ways to treat MRSA. Bacteriophage used in combination with antibiotics may better clear a biofilm infection compared to antibiotics alone while reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance.

• #38 - Session 2 - Brooklyn Matthews - Who Split the Cheese? The Search for Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis In a Local Creamery.

  Additional Authors: Logan Knight and Erik Larson
  Mentors: Michele Culumber and Daniel Clark
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis causes significant product loss in the dairy industry by causing gas build-up in packaging, and slit-crack defects in the cheese. By invitation, we tested a cheese manufacturing plant in northern Utah for Plb. wasatchensis in their creamery based on reports of puffed packages. Swabbed areas included the areas exposed to milk before and after pasteurization. Swabs were vortexed in 1 mL sterile saline solution, diluted, then plated on deMan, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar with 1% ribose (MRS+R) agar and incubated anaerobically for 1 week. Enrichment cultures were also made. After growth, they were diluted and plated on MRS+R agar. After 1 week of incubation, we selected small morphologically similar colonies to Pbl. wasatchensis. The 16S rRNA gene and N-acetyltrasferase gene were amplified using PCR primers specific for Pbl. wasatchensis. Positive Pbl. wasatchensis isolates were found on the handle of the cheese cutter and in the final cheese product showing a gas defect. Pbl. wasatchensis is a potential contaminant in the creamery and may exist at unculturable levels. Further studies will use molecular techniques to identify Pbl. wasatchensis throughout the facility to identify bacterial DNA instead of living cells, which may more accurately represent this fastidious organism.

• #42 - Session 1 - Ashley McCauley - Cobalt: A Strong Contender Against Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria

  Mentors: Matthew Nicholaou and Tracy Covey
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Experts estimate that by 2050, nearly 10 million people will die annually from antibiotic resistant organisms. As bacteria continue to adapt and evade current medications, scientists race against the clock to procure new treatment options. Transition metals, like cobalt, have been known to exhibit antimicrobial properties. Our goal was to design an experiment that tested bacterial inhibition properties while also measuring toxicity against mammalian cells. Over the past year, we dissolved different cobalt drugs in water and tested them against four common bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, MRSA and Streptococcus). From this data, we were able to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cobalt necessary to effectively inhibit growth of each organism. We then used these MIC values to test the toxicity of our cobalt solutions against a mammalian cell line by injecting the cobalt solution into the cells. After a short incubation period, we used a colored dye to observe the effects of the cobalt on the cell line. Our results indicated that the cobalt concentration necessary to inhibit bacterial growth had very little impact on the mammalian cells. These results indicate that cobalt could be a potential treatment option for antibiotic resistant organisms in the future.

• #55 - Session 2 - Gustavo Medina - A comparison of mercury concentrations in commonly consumed seafood

  Additional Authors: Ailee Justo
  Mentor: Rebecka Brasso
  Department: Zoology
  Abstract: Mercury (Hg) is a naturally occurring heavy metal that has seen dramatic global increases in emissions due to anthropogenic activities, such as coal burning. Hg cycles in the atmosphere and is readily deposited into marine ecosystems where it is converted into the toxic form of methylmercury (MeHg). MeHg can bioaccumulate in individuals and biomagnify in food webs, a process in which animals at higher trophic positions have higher concentrations of Hg. Humans are exposed to MeHg by consuming seafood products. As MeHg can have severe neurotoxic health effects, consumers should be aware of the type of seafood they consume and how much Hg it may contain. For this project, we compared Hg concentrations in a variety of canned seafood products. Six types of canned seafood, and fresh and frozen salmon, were tested to determine if Hg varied trophically and depending on preparation (canned, fresh, or frozen). We hypothesized that higher trophic species such as Albacore tuna would have higher Hg; low trophic species like clams would have the lowest Hg. Our results showed significant differences in Hg among the products in which higher trophic species had higher levels of Hg. All Hg concentrations fell below consumption guidelines.

• #43 - Session 1 - Kyler Nielson - Discrimination of Male Nurses

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: I propose to discuss the various ways in which gender bias effects male nurses in their recruitment, retainment, and individual work lives. While there are men who are interested in the nursing field, many of those men will also be turned away by the stigmas that have been created by gender bias. The few who do make the decision to continue will almost immediately be met with discrimination in their education. Though discrimination against women is more often talked about, what men face daily in the field of nursing is not talked about often enough. In fact, even fewer who finish their education and become nurses will face multiple levels of bias and discrimination throughout their careers. This imbalance of gender equality in the nursing field is not due to lack of interest, it is due to improper handling of the education and personal feelings pushed upon males. Through the proper training of educators, female nurses, and hospital leaders male gender bias that effects nurses can be mitigated.

• #6 - Session 1 - Sara Nielson - Use of Carbon Dioxide Sensors to Assess Risk of Room-Level Airborne Pathogen Spread

  Mentor: Demetrios Pagonis
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Use of indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements to quantify ventilation rates is well-established, but several aspects of the technique have limited its utility for widespread application to assessment of risk for room-level pathogen spread. Specifically: many indoor spaces recirculate air through filters that remove airborne pathogens, but do not remove CO2. By simultaneously monitoring CO2 concentrations inside a room and in the room's supply air registers one directly addresses this limitation, and can quantify risk of room-level spread of airborne pathogens. We present results from installation of twenty low-cost CO2 sensors in a Utah performing arts center that quantifies risk of room-level spread of airborne pathogens in settings where the risks associated with high occupancy rates and long event durations are offset by rapid recirculation and filtration of room air. We find that recirculation of room air through filters is the dominant loss process in all spaces studied, and therefore must be accounted for when conducting risk assessment for room-level spread of pathogens. This study design is widely applicable to indoor spaces with mechanical ventilation and multiple air handlers, and can also enable demand-controlled ventilation strategies that avoid the shortcomings typically associated with CO2 monitoring. Finally, we apply our ventilation measurements to a model of room-level pathogen spread and demonstrate that for COVID-19 performers are the dominant source of risk, even when audience sizes are large.

• #6 - Session 2 - Sara Nielson - Semivolatile Organic Compounds Throughout Utah

  Additional Authors: Hafid Bahena, Casey Reeder and Hannah Verhaal
  Mentor: Demetrios Pagonis
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are a key class of human emissions that negatively impact air quality in Utah. This project tackles four aspects of SVOC chemistry, including their regional concentrations, their presence in chemical products, their transport indoors, and the challenges one encounters when measuring them from mobile platforms.

• #11 - Session 2 - Steven Rimmasch - The Effect of Cystic Fibrosis Mutations on Drug Affinity

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: Mutations to the calcium pump cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) have devastating impacts on the respiratory system of affected individuals. Although there are many mutations that give rise to Cystic Fibrosis (CF), P504del is the most common. Gating mutations lead to destabilization and subsequent inactivity of the protein, causing increased mucous build-up, and severely reduced immune capacity. There are currently not many drugs developed to treat CFTR mutations, and structural information on how these drugs bind to different mutations is also limited. In this study, chemically modified versions of known CFTR binders were docked on varying protein structures representing a range of mutations using the Glide tool from Maestro. Structural models of mutated proteins were built by mutating existing solved structures, followed by a short MD simulation to relax the structure. Results show that drug affinity depends on the mutation state of the protein. Future research should take the effectiveness of a drug over many mutations into account during development.

• #3 - Session 1 - Mason Sandberg - Using Structure-Based Drug Design to Create Novel Curcumin Prodrug Analogues

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Biochemistry
  Abstract: Curcumin is a molecule commonly used throughout Asia in the form of turmeric powder produced from curcuma longa. It has known pleiotropic effects throughout many different biochemical pathways in the body. However, due to its hydrophobicity, curcumin has poor water solubility, bioavailability, and specificity. Furthermore, it is a molecule prone to degradation/hydrolysis in the body. The goal for this research is to use in silico structure-based drug design to enhance both the specificity and bioavailability of curcumin. The first stage of this study will entail docking curcumin with several of its known binding targets, and from here structure-based drug design will be used to create several curcumin analogs that bind better to their respective targets. The second stage of this study will then take the most specified ligands and make prodrug modifications to them to enhance bioavailability. Both stages will include use of computer applications such as Maestro, SmartCyp, and ADMETlab. In the end, the goal is to have data and conclusions for a wide variety of different proteins, kinases, carrier proteins, signal proteins, etc., that are biologically relevant as plausible treatments for symptoms and diseases such as chronic inflammation, diabetes, and cancer.

• #11 - Session 1 - Luke Sanders - Finding A Balance Between The Prevention of Drug Abuse and The Functionality of LDX for Those With ADHD

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) is a prodrug for use in people with ADHD that was designed with the intention of being longer-lasting and more difficult to abuse than its predecessor and biproduct: dextroamphetamine. While highly effective, the peak effectiveness is between 2.5 and 4.5 hours after administration. For people with ADHD, having to wait up to 4.5 hours to function normally is more than most people's schedules should have to account for. With the original intent of the prodrug's design in mind, any changes to LDX that can be made to provide a peak effectiveness between 1 and 2 hours would provide what many with ADHD are struggling to find: Time. With the use of Cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6 and the LDX ligand models, several different configurations will be tested to determine if the L-lysine amino acid can be hydrolyzed more efficiently in a different conformation, while still maintaining its chemical properties. With the ligand docking data that will be gathered, it will be possible to determine if this problem has a much simpler solution than has been presumed.

• #39 - Session 2 - Landon Severe - Isolation of multidrug resistant Serratia from soil

  Additional Authors: Kaeson Severe
  Mentor: Katrina Twing
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Antibiotics are commonly used to prevent and treat bacterial infections, but due to over-prescription and misuse of antibiotics, bacteria may change in response to the use of these medicines, creating antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, bacteria are able to share that new antibiotic resistance with neighboring organisms through horizontal gene transfer. This project started as a part of our Microbial Ecology lab in the spring of 2022 to identify Tetracyline-resistant bacteria from local soils. We collected our soil sample from a leach field outside of Eden City, Utah. Then we isolated and analyzed three antibiotic resistant bacteria through serial dilution, growth on Tetracycline-containing media, DNA extraction, DNA sequencing and bioinformatics. These analyses suggested that all three of our Tetracycline-resistant bacteria belonged to the same genus of bacteria, Serratia. We performed analyses for resistance to additional antibiotics with a Kirby Bauer plate. A through literature review of the genus has suggested that Serratia spp. are generally not known to be antibiotic-resistant, let alone multi-drug resistant. Further genetic testing and research is needed to understand the variables contributing to the alarming rise of antibiotic resistance in soil samples.

• #46 - Session 2 - Antonio Sevilla - Cloud chamber radiation detection

  Mentors: John Armstrong and Kristin Rabosky
  Department: Physics
  Abstract: A cloud chamber is a machine filled with super saturated alcohol vapor that is used to demonstrate how elements slowly decay with time. Thanks to the cloud chamber, radiation particles can be seen leaving behind trails of different length depending on the type of radiation that is being emitted. We took a set of multiple photoresistors and placed them on top of the cloud chamber with the intent to detect the trails left by a lead-210 source. Contrary to what was initially thought, the detection of the trails has proven to be highly difficult, due to factors involving background light and accuracy of equipment. Because of this, precise detection of the radiation particle trails has not yet been achieved. Our multiple attempts to detect these trails have shown that standard photoresistors are not sensitive enough to pick up the light emitted by the trails of radiation particles emitted by the lead-210 source in the cloud chamber.

• #3 - Session 2 - Taylor Telford - Extending the Half Life of Adenosine Found to Increase Efficacy of Treatments

  Mentor:Tracy Covey
  Department: Biochemistry
  Abstract: Supraventricular tachycardia, better known as SVT, is a heart arrhythmia where the heart beats 150 times per minute, well over the normal resting heart rate, without exercise or other strenuous activity as the cause. Adenosine, a medication which “resets” the heart, has proven to be 80% effective. Adenosine, a purine nucleoside base, binds to the AV node of the heart, forcing potassium out of cells, and halting the electrical conductivity, which is what controls heart rate. After resetting, and the heart regains function, it will be beating at a normal rate. The problem is that adenosine has a 2-5 second half life, making administration challenging. Altering the adenosine molecule at its binding site with a larger, more sterically strict subunit such as a phosphate group, absorption times, measured with a lower LogP, using a molecular modeling and docking software, have proven to be slower, while still allowing complete absorption into the adenosine receptor sites of the GPCR. Research is ongoing, but looking at the A2a and the A2b receptor sites have proven to be most effective. Increasing the half life will theoretically increase effectiveness up to 100%.

• #44 - Session 1 - Andrew Torena - Investigating PCB contamination in Weber county, Utah

  Additional Authors: Maile Mickelsen, Trinity Hill, Kami Nalder, Sophie Trafelet and Luis Montenegro Calla
  Mentor: Katrina Twing
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have long been known to be an environmental hazard. Despite this, there has been limited examination of PCB contamination in Utah waterways. This study aimed to investigate areas suspected of PCB contamination, specifically Pineview Reservoir, Ogden River, and Twenty-First Street Pond (Goode Ski Lake). Mud samples were collected from these locations and analyzed for PCBs using Chlor-N-Soil kits. Additionally, the collected mud served as a source for extracting and amplifying the DNA of microorganisms inhabiting these areas. The resulting data will provide insights into the diverse microbial communities living in PCB contaminated environments and open avenues for exploring the potential degradation of PCBs in these regions. This research is a part of a CRE project for MICR3154-Microbial Ecology.

• #12 - Session 2 - Joseph Waite - Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma using Vitamin K and its Analogues

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer accounting for around 85% of all liver cancers. It also ranks as the third highest in mortality rates of all cancers. Treatment and prevention of recurrence after treatment is therefore an area of high interest. Chemotherapeutics, such as Sorafenib, are the most common method of treatment, but come with side effects such as gastrointestinal distress and liver damage. Vitamin K and its analogues have been shown to reduce the necessary amount of chemotherapeutics when taken in tandem, prevent proliferation of cancer cells, and provide post treatment prevention of recurrence. The actual mechanisms for how Vitamin K interacts with HCC cells is still not well established but many pathways have been suggested. The aim of this study is to predict favorable interactions between Vitamin K and known proteins that progress HCC using Schrodinger, a computational docking simulation. The results of these simulations can help elucidate the interactions of Vitamin K and provide foundations for further research into improving HCC survival and post treatment care.

• #40 - Session 2 - Kingdom Wanjoku - Microbial Communities in PCB Contaminated Soils and Potential PCB Degradation

  Additional Authors: Akir Rowe, Hali Hutchinson, Gina Fuller and Jerzee Findlay
  Mentor: Katrina Twing
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic chemicals popularly used in electrical manufacturing companies from the 1930s - 1970s. PCBs, colloquially known as ‘forever chemicals', are known to cause significant health concerns and are notoriously difficult to remove from an environment. PCBs are currently banned in the United States; however, they can still be found in the environment due to improper disposal methods. This research aims to better understand ecological networks, genomic novelties, and potential bioremediation of microbes from PCB-contaminated environments. Microcosm cultures were developed to resemble the original conditions of the environmental samples, containing PCB-contaminated mud from Woods Pond, Lenox, Massachusetts, and filtered pond water with three different treatments: aerobic, anaerobic, and anaerobic with the addition of sulfate. These cultures have been growing for five months, showing signs of active microbial metabolism (e.g., rust patches in sediment gas production). The microcosms were used as inoculum for agar containing PCBs, and 30 PCB-tolerant colonies were isolated. In addition we performed DNA extractions, PCR amplification, and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing on an Oxford Nanopore MinION DNA Sequencer. Preliminary data suggest that the samples contain genera known to be associated with PCB degradation, such as Paenibacillus, Clostridium, Rhizobium, and Sphingobacteria.This data will aid further research to determine if and how these microbes metabolize PCB compounds.

• #34 - Session 1 - Emma Whittier - Plastic Pollution and the Fishing Industry

  Mentors: Ryan Evans and Marie Richards
  Department: English
  Abstract: Global Impact of Plastic Pollution from the Fishing Industry and Advocating for Comprehensive Solutions. Plastic pollution, coming off largely from the fishing industry and taken to even worse degrees from lack of American government regulations, shows an extensive threat to global ecosystems; this affects everyone. This study aims to uncover and educate the complexity of these consequences of plastic pollution resulting from discarded fishing gear, drawing on relevant studies and statistics. disregard existing regulations, enforcement challenges seem to persist, as seen in some studies on microplastics in aquaculture. The research I have collected emphasizes the shortcomings in current policies, stressing the urgent need for comprehensive regulations. Examining the American ways, regulatory system such as the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act are explored, showing policy evolution like the Ocean Dumping Ban Act of 1988. Although, progress is obstructed by oversight intricacies and pandemic-related delays, I still want to emphasize the urgency for unified and strict US regulations. A few proposed solutions include educational initiatives in aquaculture, stricter policy and Act enforcements, and the mandatory use of Lagrangian models to track drifting fishing devices. The responsibility in the aquaculture society, the public and the fishing industry is a priority in emphasizing the vitality for immediate action to safeguard marine ecosystems and overall ensure the sustainability of the fishing industry.