Poster Presentations Session 2

December 3rd 2024 | 12:00pm - 1:30pm | Ballrooms

• #4 - Ben Allan - Size Matters: Park Cooling Counters Urban Heat Island Effects in Clearfield, Utah, Summer 2024

  Mentor: Eric Ewert
  Department: Geography
  Abstract: This study identifies the heating effects produced by a localized heat island and identifies the cooling effects that urban parks and common green landscape elements have on mitigating those heating effects. By monitoring temperatures at a manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution (MWD) center in Clearfield, Utah, this study identifies the amount of heating produced in this area. Additionally, by monitoring temperatures at various sized urban parks near the MWD center, the study identifies the cooling effects that urban parks have on mitigating urban heating. This is process was done by placing temperature sensors in and around both the MWD center and various urban parks to capture temperature data throughout an approximately 12-week time period during the summer of 2024. The temperature data was analyzed to determine the heating effects produced by the heat island (MWD center) and cooling effects produced by each of the urban parks to show that park size matters for producing a cooling effect in a localized area. Data analysis shows that green elements and urban parks do have a noticeable cooling effect of several degrees Fahrenheit, however, park size is a determining factor as to how much cooling is produced with each size park.

   

• #5 - Lauren Bass - ACE's Parent Trauma and their Relationship with their children

  Additional Authors: Jenna Lee , Nicole Burnett and Benjamin Carlson
  Mentor: Ryann Dunn
  Department: Family Studies
  Abstract: This project was designed to address the impact that Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) during childhood have on parents and their involvement in their families of procreation. By the end of this project, we hope to better understand this impact and how the family system reacts to past ACEs. This project will be implemented during October and November 2024. As a research group, we will create and distribute an online survey to participants in the community. The idea of ACEs was first proposed in 1998 by Dr. Vincent Felitti et al. (1998). In that original research, Felitti et al (1998) found that people who experienced four or more specific traumatic events within the first eighteen years of their lives often had higher levels of health risks. Those risks include substance abuse, mental health issues, obesity, and risky sexual behaviors (Felitti et al., 1998). As research on ACEs has progressed over the last 26 years, researchers have found that ACEs also tend to affect relationships. In their study of how ACEs impact adults' overall health, Crandall et al. (2019) found that ACEs have a relationship with lower levels of closeness within families. In another study, it was found that adults with ACEs from childhood often have a hard time regulating their emotions and have detached relationships with their parents (Savla et al., 2013).

   

• #6 - Jesse Berryhill - is Nuclear Energy a Practical Solution to Climate Change?

  Mentor: Nicolas Mugavero
  Department: English
  Abstract: Nuclear Energy has been intensely debated for the last seventy years. In the meantime, nuclear energy has developed considerably as a technology. Both untrue, and true information about nuclear energy is currently circulating. There is a claim that nuclear energy is our only possibility to fully replace our current power grid. There is also the idea that nuclear energy is just as dangerous as it was during Chernobyl, or the Three Mile Island disasters. For my research I am hoping to grasp a better idea of the dangers of modern nuclear energy. I will ask the question, is nuclear energy a practical choice to manage climate change? I will be investigating historical nuclear energy disasters. I also want to grasp an idea of the fear against nuclear energy that has grown since these disasters. I would also do research on current nuclear power plants. research like sustainability, time, and research that were needed to build them. I also am hoping to find the truth behind profound statements like "Nuclear energy is our only option to prevent disastrous climate change." I would find this information in scholarly journals, and studies. I assume that nuclear power is currently our only way to replace the power grid fully sustainably. However, I assume people are optimistic that our current sustainable power sources can develop as technology. I know that sites of nuclear plant disasters are still dangerous to this day. I assume it had disastrous effects on the population and ecosystem. Understanding whether nuclear energy is a possibility is becoming more pressing every day. With the burning of fossil fuels as our main source of energy, a clock is ticking on our time on this planet.

   

• #7 - Kenneth Bramwell - The Gamble of Giving: Exploring Public Goods under Probabilistic Loss

  Additional Authors: Nicholas Howard , Tate Warren and Tom Carling
  Mentor: Matthew Gnagey
  Department: Economics
  Abstract: Public goods are generally underfunded due to lack of incentives. Not only do such goods characteristically enable freeriding (receiving benefit with no cost) but their benefits are often uncertain. This gives rise to our central question: how does uncertainty about future payoffs impact individual contributions to a public good? Public goods experiments are a relatively new feature in economic literature, and are commonly known for testing foundational aspects of human behavior. Scholars have somewhat recently attempted to understand uncertainty's role. Walker and Halloran (2004) led the effort working off punishment-type experiments. By making such experiments one shots, the uncertainty largely produced inconclusive results based on player strategy. Our experiment attempts to codify uncertainty directly into the framework of the public goods experiment without relying on solely uncertainty of other players' strategies to pin down the potential impacts of uncertainty. To determine if uncertainty has a causal effect on public good contributions, we ran an experiment consisting of two treatment groups and two control groups, each with four participants. The control group was given the option to contribute to a public good with constant returns, while the treatment group was given the option to contribute to a public good with uncertain returns (though with the same expected returns as the control group). The results from these experiments show that the addition of uncertainty does not have a statistically significant impact on contribution amounts.

   

• #8 - Spencer Brickey - Indirect Detection of Dark Matter in Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies

  Additional Author: Jahel Leonardo Yucra
  Mentor: Jonathan Cornell
  Department: Physics and Astronomy
  Abstract: Dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSph) are particularly promising targets in the search for gamma-rays from dark matter annihilation due to their low astrophysical background, high dark matter to baryonic matter ratio, and proximity to the Milky Way. In this work, we estimate the effect J-factors of 22 dSph for dark matter annihilations: s-wave, p-wave, d-wave, and Sommerfeld-enhanced. We present constraints on the cross section for these various annihilation types using Fermi-LAT data as analyzed by the publicly available tool MadHAT.v2.

   

• #9 - Olivia Brown - Cryptocurrency Psuedo-Bonds

  Mentor: Gavin Roberts
  Department: Economics
  Abstract: This paper constructs pseudo-bonds for cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin and Ethereum based on the method presented in Culp et al. (2018). Pseudo-bonds are useful in assessing risk in asset classes where traditional bonds, and the information produced by the trading of traditional bonds, is unavailable. The pseudo-bond framework applied to cryptocurrencies offers familiar measures by which to compare cryptocurrency risk to risk associated with more traditional asset classes. Assessing cryptocurrency risk with pseudo-bonds could also provide valuable information about risk to stakeholders beyond investors such as regulators. We show that pseudo-bonds can provide information about cryptocurrency market sentiment that is independent of the cryptocurrency price movements during important market events.

   

• #10 - Emmett Busby - Gays and The Church: The Negative Effects of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints on LGBTQ+ Individuals

  Mentor: Ryan Evans
  Department: English
  Abstract: In this presentation I will be exploring the ways that the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints negatively affects LGBTQ+ adults. I will express how maintaining a religious identity has been found to have positive effects on mental health, and that this is true even for LGBTQ+ people, though these positive effects are rarely identified on LGBTQ+ people who are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. This poster examines data from studies, information directly from church webpages, and the experiences of real people to highlight the negative connection between LGBTQ+ individuals and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. I will discuss the concept of Internalized Homonegativity, the negative feelings one feels towards their own sexual identity, and how this is particularly highlighted by current and former members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. While some people find positive correlations between their sexual identities and the religion, my presentation will express that there is ample evidence present which suggests that the negative outweighs the positive significantly.

   

• #11 - Kenton James Bustin - The Effects of Age on Fall Migration Decisions in Lazuli Buntings (Passerina amoena)

  Mentor: John Cavitt
  Department: Zoology
  Abstract: Recent analyses of large-scale and long-term bird population surveys have indicated widespread declines of North American migratory populations. Because we still lack an understanding of many species' basic behavior and ecology, there is now an urgent need to determine the timing and regulation of major components of species life histories. Consequently, we examined migration timing in the Lazuli Bunting (Passerina amoena), a common songbird found throughout northern Utah. The timing of migration has been shown to affect both survival rates and reproductive success in other species. Anecdotal evidence suggested that juvenile Lazuli Buntings begin their migration at least a week later than adults. Delays in departure may increase the probability of mortality and thus could have important implications for populations. We utilized data from the WSU Bird Banding Station from 2019-2023 to determine if an age-related difference exists in migration phenology as well as factors that might contribute to it. Birds were captured in mist-nets from late summer to the end of fall migration. Individuals were sexed and aged by examining plumage differences and patterns of feather wear and replacement. All birds received a uniquely numbered aluminum legband for identification and were then assessed for body condition and fat deposition. In addition, birds were examined for stage of feather molt, feather wear as well as measured using standard morphometric techniques. Our data confirmed that juvenile Lazuli Buntings initiate migration later than adults. We hypothesized that is likely due to the time required for obtaining sufficient fat reserves necessary for initiating migration. Building on these findings, future research planned for summer 2025 will investigate the exact departure timing, and migration paths as well as the physical and environmental factors that might be driving these age-related differences.

   

• #1 - Olivia Canova - Ekphrasis: The art of Interpretation

  Mentor: Nicolas Mugavero
  Department: Honors Program
  Abstract: Inspired by the contemplations of art and literature critic, James A. W. Heffernan, the focus of this work is to investigate the artistic concept of "Ekphrasis." Traditionally used as a word to describe the translation between visual arts and creative literature, for the purposes of this project, ekphrasis will be defined as: any artistic interpretation of another work of art that expands upon, clarifies, or otherwise enhances the meaning of the original. Thus, this work seeks to address how creating art in response to other works of art enhances a sense of connection between the original artist and the interpreters. Through the creation of my own ekphrastic projects, my method involves reflecting on a variety of my favorite artworks to investigate their deeper meaning. Technically, this study involves the exploration of each artist's historical background and inspirations as well as an analysis of the content of the pieces themselves, including when applicable: medium, word choice, composition, and emotional response. Following each reflection, I conceptualized and created my own works of art with a contrasting medium to the original. As a visual presentation, this project focuses mostly on the translation of literary to visual works of art. In creating these interpretations, the expected result was to gain a deeper understanding of the original works and a greater knowledge of how practicing ekphrasis can magnify the piece's meaning to the interpreter. The final works carefully incorporate key points and inspirations from the subjects they are based on, but, by putting them into alternative forms, the viewer of each ekphrastic piece is able to find hints of both the mind of the interpreter and the original artist. Possible continuations of this study may include translations in the opposite direction “from visual to literary" and consideration of transformative mediums like performance art and film.

   

• #12 - Tom Carling - Brain Drain and Capital Strain: Exploring the Effects of Brain Drain on Human Capital Stock

  Mentor: Jennifer Gnagey
  Department: Jennifer Gnagey
  Abstract: This study examines the impact and relationship of brain drain on stock of human capital in selected nations from 2010 to 2020. Brain drain "skilled human flight" creates a significant challenge for a nation's economy as they experience a direct loss of personnel. Using the Human Flight and Brain Drain value from the Fragile State Index along with several economic indicators collected from World Bank, this paper evaluates the impact of brain drain for 158 unique countries. Literature from previous studies suggests variable outcomes: some nations experience a net gain in human capital stock when they respond to human flight with increased investment in education and on return migration incentives such as skill premiums. Net losses are experienced when countries fail to make those critical investments or when they lack competitive wages and high-quality institutions. Brain drain is commonly associated with slower GDP per capita growth, increased income inequality, and labor shortages in sectors of the economy such as technology and healthcare. The study suggests implementing policies to both mitigate the effects of brain drain and to encourage migrants to return to their nation of origin. These include improving working conditions, investing in education and infrastructure, and creating tax incentives. Results are expected to show a negative significant relationship between prevalence or brain drain and stock of skilled human capital in the selected nations.

   

• #13 - Scot Carrington - Cleaning Up The Obscene Anthropocene - A Solution For PCB Contamination

  Additional Authors: Marshall Scroggin , Joshua Checketts and Hannah Payne
  Mentor: Katrina Twing
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are anthropogenic chemicals that are the toxic product of various commercial and industrial activities around the world. PCBs jeopardize ecosystems with their noxious and accumulative lethality. Due to the otherwise protracted degradation of PCBs, innovations in bioremediation techniques are imperative to clean-up efforts (Sharma, 2018). Soil samples from an EPA superfund site were gathered and analyzed for microbial activity. The high PCB concentrations within these representative portions of the Housatonic River provide a viable source of microbes that are tolerant of PCBs and potentially capable of degrading them. Microbial tolerance within the samples also provides grounds for the consideration of microbial PCB metabolisms being present. Mud samples from the PCB-contaminated Woods Pond were used to create mesocosms and kept at specific conditions to promote microbial growth over the course of a year-long experiment. We focused our experiment on the anaerobic mesocosm amended with sulfate from WP_mud1. We prepared a bacterial spread culture on a PCB infused agar plate from the mesocosm sample. After 48 hours of incubation, the plates were observed for growth and morphology of colonies. Each group member selected a colony and isolated the bacteria through a series of quadrant streaks. The subsequent colonies were monitored for signs of metabolic degradation of biphenyl solution, indicated by color change when exposed to biphenyl. Isolated colonies were then selected and prepared for DNA sequencing. Sanger sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and BLAST analysis was used to identify who we isolated. Several different species with the same percentage of database identity matches were populated. The most abundant results were respectively chosen to represent the individual microorganisms tested. Four bacterial strains were identified as Bacillus sp. strain ZLynn500-17, Bacillus sp. strain TC1-3, Bacillus sp. strain HQD4, and Priestia sp. strain ZS25. Three of the four species present were identified as "Bacillus sp." while the fourth was identified as "Priestia sp."

   

• #2 - Annika Carson - Refining Zircon Synthesis: A Methodical Study and Characterization

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: The synthesis of zircon offers a valuable opportunity to refine geochronological dating techniques. This study determined a reproducible sol-gel procedure for synthesizing zircon from zirconyl nitrate and tetraethoxysilane. The precursor was then treated according to one of two methods. The first set of samples was heated to 1250°C, to induce a phase change that results in zircon. The second method used a Thermogravimetric analyzer, TGA, to better observe the phase change on select samples with varying heats up to 1300°C, and varying hold times. The resulting materials were analyzed using XRD to characterize the success of synthesizing zircon correctly.

   

• #3 - Annika Carson - Enhancing Ubrogepant Migraine Treatment Duration via Reduced CYP3A4 Metabolism

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: The drug Ubrogepant is an oral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist that is used for treating migraines. Ubrogepant can be taken multiple times a day if the desired effect is not achieved on the first dose. In this study the drug Ubrogepant is altered, creating a prodrug to decrease the metabolism of the drug to decrease the need for multiple doses in one day. Computer aided drug design is used to build the prodrug and then to dock the prodrug to the Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, which is a known metabolizer of Ubrogepant. The results will show either a stronger docking score or a weaker docking score. A higher docking score is the desired result, showing the possibility of Ubrogepant staying longer in the body to decrease the dosage needed to combat migraines. This research exemplifies the need for longer lasting medications to help individuals combat migraines.

   

• #14 - Kami Christensen - Analysis of Zinc Oxide Crystals with Various D and F Block Oxide Dopants

  Mentor: Brandon Burnett
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: In this project crystals will be synthesized using a flux crystal growth technique. The crystals will form in a molten base flux to prevent growth defects and insure quality crystals are produced. The crystal flux will be doped with various D and F block oxides to alter their physical and chemical properties. These properties will then be tested using SEM, magnets, optical microscopy, and TGA.

   

• #15 - Dallon Cottam - Synthesis of n-butyl and sec-butyl Nitrates for Use as Standards in Atmospheric Quantification

  Mentor: Demetrios Pagonis
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: The relative concentration of a primary alkyl nitrate to its respective secondary alkyl nitrate in the air can provide useful insight into the extent of chlorine-initiated chemistry occurring in the atmosphere. The quantification of these compounds in the atmosphere requires standards and, because simple alkyl nitrates aren't commercially available, they had to be synthesized. Synthetic procedures for n-butyl and sec-butyl nitrate were developed and performed. Both compounds were synthesized successfully as confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). A preliminary quantification of an atmospheric concentration was carried out using one of the synthesized standards.

   

• #16 - Isabella Davis - The Decrease Of Viability Of Orthotrichum With An Increase Of Air Pollution

  Mentor: Heather Root
  Department: Botany and Plant Ecology
  Abstract: Bryophytes are a large group of nonvascular plants that can grow in a varying amount of conditions worldwide. This study focuses specifically on a group of moss, the Orthotrichum, which can be commonly found in Utah flora and plays an important part in air filtration. This was conducted to try and determine if pollution affects the growth and survivability of Orthotrichum, causing our ecosystem to lose moss' ability to filter the air. Two observations were recorded in this study. First, an estimated cover class of moss on trees, rocks, and soil were recorded from different locations based off of real time air quality measurements given by the program Purple Air. Second, moss specimens were gathered and placed in humidification chambers and given treatments of smoke derived from cigarettes. It was found that areas with a lower air quality index (AQI) value had a higher cover class while areas with a very high AQI had very little to no moss found. In the second half of this experiment, the mosses that were not given the treatment thrived, while the condition of the mosses that were given the treatment varied. Given this information gathered, we may be able to infer that pollution and poor air quality can affect the growth of Orthotrichum, and therefore impact their ability to filter the air.

   

• #17 - Chase Dopp - The Value of Creativity in a Human Vs. AI World

  Mentor: Nicolas Mugavero
  Department: English
  Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which AI has influenced how we value human creativity, with consequences for copyright law. The overall question of the paper is as follows: To what extent does the integration of AI in creative industries challenge traditional artistic disciplines and the role of the artist? From there, we start to examine societal perceptions about creativity, including its intrinsic values that come from human expression, emotion, and intention-things that make it different from AI. We also discuss AI as a tool of assistance for artists to enrich the artistic process, which often provides inspiration or creates ideas. This gives a double perspective in viewing collaboration between human creators and AI, while analyzing at the same time how copyright covers AI art. It provides for the qualitative analysis of existing literature, media portrayal, and interviews with the art majors at Weber State University as a way of understanding how these changes affect the role of the artist. The wider social and policy implications in the arts from the perspective of creativity and ownership are also pursued in this study. Preliminary results indicate that AI not only redefines artistic collaboration but also challenges conventional thinking about originality and value in creative work. This project aims to confront these transformative shifts with better-informed discourses on the future of creativity, the changing roles of artists, and the need for adaptive frameworks in educational and industry practices, particularly copyright law. If all these factors are in balance, then we will have a legal ecosystem that will foster innovative ideas and protect the very core of human creativity in this highly automated world.

   

• #18 - Erin Drollette - College Student Stress, Communication, and Empowerment: A Mixed Methods Study

  Mentor: Sarah Steimel
  Department: Humanities
  Abstract: This study delves into stress and how it influenced students' communication with instructors, and the effect that this communication has on student empowerment. Using a mixed methods approach, I collected quantitative data through validated scales assessing student stress, communication motives, and empowerment levels, while qualitative data explored students' views on instructor communication tactics that promote interaction. A non-probability sample of 254 Weber State University students, including 82 males, 164 females, and 7 non-binary participants (average age ~23), participated during the Spring 2024 semester. Quantitative analysis indicated that course format (online, hybrid, in-person) impacts students' communication with instructors for relational purposes. Other findings indicated that stress is linked to students' perceived incompetence, and more engagement fostered more feelings of empowerment. Qualitative findings from open-ended responses on the survey revealed four critical themes related to instructor communication tactics: (1) providing clear contact information, (2) fostering approachability, (3) ensuring timely email responses, and (4) explicitly inviting communication. These insights suggest that a low-stress, welcoming environment with open communication channels and approachable instructors fosters both student communication and empowerment. Ultimately, Understanding the relationship between stress, communication, and empowerment can help instructors cultivate supportive learning environments conducive to student success.

   

• #19 - Marsha Duley - Implementation of an Anti-Bullying Workflow Policy and Process at a Regional Technical College

  Mentor: Melissa Neville
  Department: Nursing
  Abstract: Nurse-to-nurse bullying has been a prevalent issue within the nursing profession that often begins at nursing school and continues through a nurse's career. Nursing students can frequently face bullying or incivility from peers, instructors, and clinical staff, making them among the most vulnerable in the nursing profession to uncivil encounters. When the students become graduated nurses, some may turn to bullying others as they once experienced. Creating an organizational program that educates nursing students about civility is crucial for preparing them to work in nursing. Educating nursing students about civility is crucial for preparing them to work in the nursing field. Students must learn to advocate for themselves and others against bullying or uncivil behaviors. Despite increasing recognition nationally and globally of the link between workplace civility, job satisfaction, and patient health outcomes, the struggle to provide real solutions for nurse-to-nurse bullying persists. There are negative consequences of nurse bullying, including physical and mental burnout, nurses quitting the profession permanently, increased adverse patient outcomes, and nurse suicide. In 2015, the American Nurses Association (ANA) officially categorized bullying and incivility as forms of workplace abuse and started national efforts to eradicate bullying from nursing programs and healthcare culture. Nurse leaders in academic and practice settings are responsible for protecting and strengthening the profession against bullying by teaching civility to the new generations of nurses. Nursing schools can prepare students to create a more civil and nurturing nursing culture by integrating anti-bullying education into their curriculum. Anti-bullying curriculums in nursing schools provide the tools to create a healthier environment for nurses and patients. This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project introduced a new workflow and orientation process at a regional technical college to raise awareness of civility and nurse-bullying for novice nurses. The DNP initiative enhanced the academic work environment by advancing equity, diversity, and inclusion accreditation standards while preparing students for nursing, where encountering nurse bullying remains possible.

   

• #20 - Braden Freestone - Microbial Diversity and PCB Degradation Potential in Sediments from Woods Pond, MA

  Additional Authors: Karsyn Cannon , Saige Stock and Dayton Talbot
  Mentor: Katrina Twing
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants due to the difficulty of breaking them down and their ability to build up and bio-amplify in an ecosystem. Between the 1920's and 1970's a General Electric (GE) plant generated toxic waste containing PCBs in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. This toxic waste was released by GE into the nearby Housatonic River. Despite the fact they stopped being generated in the late 1970's, PCBs have been found in animals, sediments, buildings, and humans local to the area as recently as 2022. Woods Pond is located approximately 5 miles south of the GE plant on the Housatonic River and is an area where PCBs have been trapped and accumulated. Sediment samples were collected from Woods Pond by Dr. Katrina Twing in June 2023 and brought back to Weber State University to study the microorganisms' ability to degrade PCBs. In September 2024 samples from mesocosm WPmud1_Ae01 were diluted and grown on phosphate-buffered minimal salts media (PAS) plus Aroclor 1260 plates in aerobic conditions and exposed to light. Samples were later transferred to normal PAS plates and sprayed with biphenyl in the same conditions. Individual colonies were then selected, isolated via streak plating, and underwent DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and electrophoresis. The DNA was sent off for Sanger sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and BLAST analysis was used to determine what organisms were cultured. Of the four cultured organisms in our group, only two of the four were able to degrade PCBs by way of breaking off chlorines but not breaking the biphenyl rings. We know this because the microorganisms grew on the plates containing PCBs but there was no color change when the biphenyl spray was used indicating there is no breakdown of biphenyl. The two organisms known to degrade PCBs are Bacillus cereus and Priestia arabhattai. This is significant to know considering these organisms live in a highly polluted environment and have the potential to metabolize pollutant chemicals such as PCBs.

   

• #21 - Destiny Gill - The Dark History of Sugar: How the Transatlantic Slave Trade was Impacted by Sugar Production and its Detrimental Impact on the Environment and our Health

  Mentor: Ryan Evans
  Department: English
  Abstract: Sugar has done more to shape our modern world politically, physically, and culturally than any ruler, war, or modern technology. Once discovered, cultivated, and desired. The race was on in European countries to colonize land and exploit millions of slaves who paid the ultimate price so that Europeans could have sugar in their tea. The dark past of slavery was not rectified with emancipation. Once a luxury spice for the elite, sugar has become an everyday commodity in our modern diet. Because of our increased sugar intake, we are facing a global health crisis. Obesity and type 2 diabetes continue to climb in adults and children. Health insurance spends millions of dollars to treat the adverse effects of sugar. Sugar cultivation, including deforestation, air pollution, and greenhouse emissions, continues to harm our planet. Sugar is guilty of some of the worst crimes against humanity. If changes are not made, the impact of sugar will continue to get worse.

   

• #22 - Jimin Go - Autonomous Annotations for Second-hand E-commerce Platforms using Generative Artificial Intelligence

  Additional Author: Taehyun Noh
  Mentor: Seokwoo Song
  Department: Supply Chain and Management Information Systems
  Abstract: Second-hand e-commerce platforms help customers reduce the cost of purchasing products and provide sellers with economic benefits. For successful product trading on second-hand e-commerce platforms, sellers should provide well-crafted product descriptions, build a strong reputation, and enhance communications. However, the platforms face challenges in achieving growth due to several concerns. First, the reliability of products on these platforms may be low, since their descriptions are subjective and simplistic. Second, sellers are most likely to post multiple product images on these platforms. The authenticity of product conditions significantly impacts customer's trading decision, yet there is often a lack of evidence to verify product conditions. Finally, these platforms are frequently not managed adequately to meet consumer expectations and enhance user experiences. Recently, generative artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely utilized to enhance the quality of e-commerce platforms. In addition, deep learning techniques have been adopted to detect defects from pictures across various domains, such as diagnosing faults in e-commerce, disease detection, and pixel defects on the screens. This study examines the impact of generative AI and deep learning techniques on second-hand e-commerce platforms. We propose an integrated method combining Generative AI and deep learning techniques with TF-IDF and LDA approaches. Our findings highlight that the proposed method can enhance seller reliability, customer confidence, and the overall quality of second-hand e-commerce platforms.

   

• #23 - Olivia Griesbach - Designing a More Selective BTK Inhibitor: Structural Optimization of Ibrutinib for Improved B-Cell Lymphoma Therapy

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: The excessive activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway is a primary cause of B-cell lymphoma. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a member of the Tec family of tyrosine kinases which is expressed in B cells and a key protein in the BCR signaling pathway. Ibrutinib, the first FDA-approved irreversible BTK inhibitor, has shown efficacy in treating B-cell lymphoma, but suffers from low selectivity, resulting in off-target side effects. This study aimed to modify the structure of Ibrutinib to achieve a more selective irreversible BTK inhibitor in order to reduce off-target side effects. Ibrutinib's chemical structure was modified using Schrodinger's Maestro software to enhance its selectivity through increased interactions with polar residues in the BTK binding site. Computational docking simulations indicated that these modifications improved binding affinity by optimizing hydrogen bonding and other electrostatic interactions. Future work will explore the potential impact of incorporating a fluorine atom into Ibrutinib's structure.

   

• #24 - Rachel Guggisberg - Attempted Isolation of PCB Degrading Microbes from Woods Pond in Pittsfield, MA.

  Additional Authors: Ethan Jensen , Thomas Turner and Aidan Nielsen
  Mentor: Katrina Twing
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: PCBs, also known as polychlorinated biphenyls, are pollutants made from chlorinated hydrocarbons that are both toxic and carcinogenic to humans, as well as other organisms who might come in contact with them. In this experiment, Dr. Katrina Twing collected multiple mud samples from a pond heavily contaminated with PCB's- about 5 miles downstream from the site where General Electric released an estimated 1.3 million pounds of PCBs between 1920s-1970s. Our group focused on the sample WPmud1_An01, which was incubated in an anaerobic environment while being fed N2, CO2, Resazurin, and Cysteine to promote anaerobic metabolisms. We attempted to isolate and culture four different microorganisms from our mesocosm. We grew them in a strictly anaerobic environment (via a Coy Chamber) and exposed them to light for the purpose of isolating an anaerobic, phototrophic microbe. After taking measures to ensure we each had an isolate, we then used molecular biological techniques to extract and sequence DNA. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if any of the microbes isolated from WPmud1_An01 possessed PCB degrading capabilities. We assume that all four of our isolates were PCB-tolerant as we extracted them from a soil sample that was highly contaminated with PCBs. Of the four isolates, three demonstrated a color change to (darker) yellow when sprayed with biphenyl, indicating that these microbes possessed the genes (BphA, BphB, and BphC) necessary for biphenyl degradation- a key step in PCB degradation. Sanger sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was successful for two of our four isolates. The two microbes successfully identified were Bacillus thuringiens and Lysinibacillus sphaericus. Literature suggests that both of these microbes may be capable of detoxifying PCBs, which is supported by our colorimetric biphenyl assay. Additionally, it is important to note that the genus Lysinibacillus had not yet been isolated in previous semesters of this project. This data is significant as it points to these microorganisms as possible candidates for PCB detoxification and bioremediation of the Pittsfield contamination site as well as other areas contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls.

   

• #25 - Caylee Hall - Self-Adjusting Dress Form Senior Project

  Mentor: A. Tye Gardner
  Department: Electrical and Computer Engineering
  Abstract: The purpose of this project is to enhance the functionality and efficiency of traditional mechanical dress forms. Current dress forms require manual manipulation to achieve the desired dimensions, which can be time-consuming and inconvenient for designers and creators. This project aims to address these issues by replacing the manual adjustment mechanisms with electrical components and motors, creating an automated dress form that allows for quick, hands-free adjustments. This improvement aligns with advancements in smart technology and automation, seeking to streamline the creative process within the fashion and design industries. By integrating motors at each adjustment point of the form and incorporating a custom touchscreen interface, users can easily input specific measurements and have the form adjust accordingly. This technological shift reduces manual labor and enhances efficiency, allowing designers to focus more on the creative aspects of their work. The methodology involves retrofitting existing dress forms with motorized components, programmed to adjust via an onboard touch screen. This approach leverages robotic principles to transform a traditionally manual device into a smart, automated tool. We anticipate that the automated dress form will significantly decrease the time required for adjustments, ultimately offering a faster, more convenient experience for users. Results will be presented within the context of improved workflow efficiency and user convenience. This project contributes to the broader field of automated tools in fashion and design, demonstrating how traditional equipment can be re-imagined through the integration of modern technology.

   

• #26 - Arianna Nicholas- Impact of Divorce on Sibling Relationships

  Additional Authors: Kade Moore and Hallie Koford
  Mentor: Charles Ryan Dunn
  Department: Child and Family Studies
  Abstract: Due to the prevalence of divorce in society today, this study seeks to better understand the impacts of divorce, particularly on sibling relationships. It is predicted that sibling relationships will have greater levels of conflict if they have experienced parental divorce. However, among those sampled who had a minimum of one external support system, there will be an increase in sibling closeness. This study was designed as a survey-based, quantitative research project. To gather data, a Qualtrics survey was shared on social media platforms and flyers were posted throughout Weber State campus.

   

• #28 - Jenna Hansen - The Positive Impacts of Being in and Having Access to Natures

  Mentor: Shannon McGillivray
  Department: Psychology
  Abstract: Having access to nature has been consistently associated with reduced stress, enhanced mood, and increased cognitive function. There are many areas throughout the world that are dedicated to just that cause. These areas are called green spaces, because they are places that are not yet developed and set aside for specific recreational or aesthetic purposes. By having green spaces set aside for human interactions it can improve overall life satisfaction as well as promoting physical health by encouraging outdoor activity. I intend to prove that this is true by exploring how nature benefits humans in a positive way. I predict that if people spend more time in green spaces they will have increased overall wellbeing. There are many geological features all around the world that are set aside to help preserve the power of nature in their respective areas. I want to further examine how having access and being in these natural resources help in creating a positive benefit to our wellbeing. Looking at research already done on this topic, there seems to be a strong positive correlation between those in green and blue spaces, green spaces being places like meadows, or forests, and blue spaces are rivers, lakes, or the ocean and well being. While nature does not cure everything it does create opportunities for better mental and physical health that will add long term benefit to humans who do use and access nature often. (Wolf, 2018) The Biophilia Hypothesis suggests that humans have an inherent bond and connection with nature. Which is why our cities and towns need to find ways we can better incorporate nature into our daily environments. To answer the research question, I used quantitative methods looking at correlation analysis to explore relationships of time people spent in nature and improvement in mood or stress reduction after doing so. A survey was administered to a sample of individuals that are aged eighteen years and older. The survey included some questions from the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale along with self reflection questions after having spent time in green spaces and the types of feelings felt from doing so. The results show the importance of prioritizing green spaces in our daily lives helping pave the way for healthier, and more sustainable living environments.

   

• #27 - Kelsey Hansen - Implementing Walk with a Doc at Weber State University

  Additional Author: Amber Palmer
  Mentor: Saori Hanaki
  Department: Exercise and Sport Science
  Abstract: Despite the recommendation to exercise for improved health and disease prevention, many people do not comply. Suggested barriers to exercise have included low energy, lack of motivation, education, time and confidence among others. Suggested motivators to exercise have included social groups, a partner to exercise with, and verbal communication from a healthcare provider. As a solution to the problem, we have planned to implement a successful Walk with a Doc (WWAD) program at Weber State University. WWAD has been shown to educate, empower, and increase exercise compliance in participants. Common results include enhanced knowledge, improved mood, increased energy levels, and increased confidence to be active. Through the involvement of walk leaders recruited from local clinics and Weber State University's Physician Assistant and Nursing programs, WWAD will be implemented at least once a month at Weber State University facilities. The interns from Weber State University's Exercise and Sport Sciences program will assess the efficacy of the WWAD program, promote advertisements, and recruit walk leaders and participants. We expect WWAD will create an opportunity that is accessible for everyone to engage in walking, discuss health related topics, and socially interact with others.

   

• #29 - Ethan Harden - Simultaneity in Housing Price and Labor Cost

  Mentor: Gavin Roberts
  Department: Economics
  Abstract: With housing prices on the rise it is important to understand the factors that can impact the cost of a home. This project aims to simulate how predicting housing prices with the number of sales and construction costs can result in biased predictors due to feedback between housing prices and labor costs (endogeneity/simultaneity). This is important to consider when analyzing real-world data with potential endogeneity. I apply Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) to simulated data. The results are more accurate using 2SLS. These findings highlight the importance of using the appropriate estimation techniques to account for potential endogeneity in any real-world housing analysis with potential endogenous variables.

   

• #30 - Jonathan Heiner - Novel Inhibitors Targeting MCL-1 for Cancer Therapy: A Computational Approach to Enhance Efficacy and Selectivity.

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Biochemistry
  Abstract: The MCL-1 protein, a member of the BCL-2 family, plays a crucial role in apoptosis regulation and supports cancer cell survival, making it a key target in cancer therapeutics. However, current MCL-1 inhibitors often face limitations in efficacy and selectivity, highlighting the need for novel compounds with enhanced characteristics. This study focuses on the design and evaluation of new MCL-1 inhibitors with improved binding efficacy and selectivity. Through this research, we aim to provide insights into potential drug candidates for cancer therapy, specifically addressing the limitations of existing inhibitors. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to examine MCL-1's structure and binding properties. Using computer-aided drug design techniques, including molecular docking, we screened new ligands for their binding affinity. Structure-activity relationships and bioisosteric modifications were applied to enhance drug-likeness, selectivity, and activity, with further evaluations for off-target effects and metabolic stability. Preliminary results indicate that several compounds demonstrate high binding affinity to MCL-1, with favorable pharmacophore features and selectivity profiles. In summary, this study proposes novel MCL-1 inhibitors with enhanced therapeutic potential, providing valuable candidates for cancer drug development and contributing to advancements in targeted cancer therapies.

   

• #31 - Braxton Higgs - Assessing the current situation of the productivity-median compensation gap

  Mentor: Jennifer Gnagey
  Department: Economics
  Abstract: The purpose of my research is to assess the current situation of the labor productivity-median compensation gap in the US. From the mid-1940s to mid-1970s, labor productivity and median compensation grew together at nearly exactly the same rate, without gaps or divergence. However, research has shown that the labor productivity-compensation gap has been growing since the mid-1970s. Previous research claims that there are a few main components that are influencing the increase in the productivity-compensation gap. The variables that I am focusing on are rising income inequality and a decline in labor's share of GDP. These variables have been recognized as important factors in gaining understanding about the productivity-median compensation gap. Through my research I will test these variables to see if they are still significant in the discussion of the productivity-compensation gap. To accomplish the goal of this paper I will run a regression analysis using the Productivity-Compensation gap as my dependent variable. My focus independent variables are the labor share of GDP and the ratio of average and median wages, both wage measurements are measured per individual. Through my analysis I expect to find that the productivity-compensation gap has continued to increase. I also expect to find that the labor share and wage ratio are still statistically significant factors for understanding the increases in the productivity-compensation gap. Once I have shown that these variables remain significant, I will discuss potential ways to combat the rise in income inequality and the decline in labor's terms of trade.

   

• #32 - Parker Hyatt - Improving SAHA Selectivity for Histone Deacetylase 2: A Molecular Approach to Minimize Off-Target Effects in Cancer Treatment

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that play a crucial role for chromatin compaction regulation, that when overactive can stifle tumor suppressing genes, thereby enabling oncogenes to drive cancer cell survival and proliferation. This research explores the use of molecular modeling to improve the selectivity of the small molecule inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) to bind to HDAC2, aiming to reduce the off-target effects and unintended cellular responses associated with widespread deacetylation of both histone and non-histone proteins. Ligand-based drug design will be applied to modify SAHA's structure, with the goal of improving its binding selectivity for HDAC2. Molecular docking analyses will evaluate the binding specificity improvements to HDAC2 over other HDAC isoforms. The findings will be presented in a project poster submission, later. This study highlights the critical role of drug target selectivity in mitigating off-target effects caused by the broad activity associated with current SAHA derivatives.

   

• #33 - Rachel Jessop - Elevating EEG Technologist Proficiency with Neuroanatomy Training

  Mentor: Jim Hutchins
  Department: Health Sciences
  Abstract: This paper presents the implementation of an open-access neuroanatomy curriculum developed for EEG technologists at the University of Utah's Electroneurodiagnostics Institute (UEI) integrating health sciences, neuroscience, and electroneurodiagnostics. The curriculum was designed to address disciplinary gaps in the education of future EEG technologists, particularly in preparation for the ABRET EEG registry exam. Informed by a review of relevant literature in neuroanatomy education and EEG training, the curriculum offers an interdisciplinary approach to bridging the gap between didactic knowledge and clinical application. Results from pre- and post-quiz assessments, modeled after ABRET standards, demonstrate significant improvement in students' understanding of neuroanatomy and its relevance to EEG applications. By addressing the challenges students often face in mastering complex neuroanatomical concepts, this research aims to better prepare technologists to succeed in healthcare environments.

   

• #34 - Kody Korth - Isolating and Identifying PCB-degrading Microbes from Superfund Site Massachusetts

  Additional Authors: Kiran Ghimire , Ian Ford and Belle McClellan
  Mentor: Katrina Twing
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are poisonous and dangerous chemicals that accumulate in the environment and are known to be linked with various health hazards such as cancer, reproductive toxicity, and neurological dysfunctions (Romanowski,2022). A General Electric facility located in Pittsfield, Massachusetts released these toxic chemicals into the ecosystem and despite thorough clean up by the EPA, PCBs still significantly pollute the area. We examined a portion of this contaminated area taking mud samples from Woods Pond in the Housatonic River. Our goal was to isolate and characterize specific microbes found in these PCB-contaminated samples. We isolated microorganism colonies utilizing serial dilution and minimal agar containing PCBs. We extracted DNA from the isolates and sent it off for DNA sequencing of the16S rRNA gene to determine who our isolates are. Additionally, we tested for the ability to degrade PCBs using a colorimetric biphenyl test. We isolated Rossellomoea marisflavi (Yoon et al., 2003), Ciceribacter sichuanensis (Zhang et al., 2024) and a new species to this project, Gottfriedia sp, though none of them displayed the ability to degrade biphenyl. These microbes managed to survive in the PCB-dominated environment and formed a consistent microbial community even in the presence of pollutants. The existence of such microbes in PCB-filled environments proves that microbial diversity is important in maintaining ecosystem functions. Although none of the identified microbes were able to directly degrade PCBs, their endurance in this environment underscores their role as potential supporting species in active bioremediation. Further study is important to find and isolate active PCB degraders and understand how these species interact with the other microbes in the ecosystem to gain a deeper understanding of bioremediation and ecosystem recuperation strategies.

   

• #56 - Sophie Lee - Price at the Pump: Comparing Gasoline Costs in the U.S. and Germany

  Mentor: Nazneen Ahmad
  Department: Economics
  Abstract: This study examines the applicability of the Law of One Price (LOOP) to gasoline prices in the United States and Germany from 2015 to the present. The LOOP suggests that, in an efficient market without trade barriers, identical goods will converge to the same price across countries when adjusted for exchange rates. By analyzing gasoline, a globally traded and essential commodity, this research explores whether the LOOP holds true in real-world energy markets. Gasoline prices in major economies like the U.S. and Germany influence energy policy, consumer costs, and global trade. The LOOP suggests that, over time, the price of identical goods should reach parity due to arbitrage. However, previous studies show that LOOP is not always consistent, with short-term deviations arising from factors like transportation costs, exchange rate fluctuations, and local market conditions. For this research, I will use monthly gasoline price data from 2015 to the present for the United States and Germany, provided by the International Energy Agency (IEA). I will compare gasoline prices in the two countries to test the LOOP, using the following formula: qUS/Germany= (E$/Euro * PGermany) / PUS I will plot the value of q with respect to time and analyze its deviation from q=1 as suggested by the LOOP. In addition to examining if the LOOP holds between the U.S. and Germany, my results will shed light on the relative strength of the U.S. dollar and Germany's currency, euro. I hypothesize that gasoline prices between the U.S. and Germany will show short-term deviations from the LOOP condition due to factors such as , different types of trade barriers , and supply chain disruptions. However, in the long run, I expect price gaps to close due to market forces and arbitrage opportunities.

   

• #35 - Kris Lowry - College Student Mental Illnesses and Ways that Universities Can Help

  Mentor: Ryan Evans
  Department: English
  Abstract: The topic of my research comes from the question, how does the increase in academic workload affect students' anxiety and depression when they transition from high school to college, and how are colleges addressing these issues? The research I've gathered originates from many psychologists who've conducted studies amidst college freshmen who are transitioning from high school. The study methods ranged from digital surveys among students, to giving out assessments and study samples to undergraduates to measure stress levels generated with the Cortisol Awakening Response. The results throughout the scholarly articles within this paper show that the increased academic demands and workload is positively affecting a student's anxiety and depression when they transition from high school to college. The changing nature of transitions, time management stress, and test anxiety are examples of academic stressors that are detrimental to a student's mental health. Despite the mental health challenges, universities are taking action to make resources available to those who need help. The avenues of help available to students are, counseling centers on campus, clubs and social events, high school trainings about the academic demands of college, and therapeutic coping strategies available through digital technology. Taking advantage of these resources can help undergraduate students heal and have a smoother transition from high school to college.

   

• #36 - Zoe Lucus - Bioaccumulation of Methylmercury in Blackflies

  Mentor: Christopher Hoagstrom
  Department: Zoology
  Abstract: We collected aquatic larvae of insects from Strongs Creek in Ogden, Utah to analyze their mercury concentrations, with a focus on blackflies (family Simuliidae). These filter-feeding larvae have been found to accumulate high levels of mercury in studies elsewhere. We found that blackflies in Strongs Creek were high in mercury concentrations relative to other insects analyzed, including another filter-feeding species that we expected to have similar levels due to a similar feeding ecology and a predatory species that we expected to have higher levels due to potential biomagnification. This suggests blackflies could be a unique source of mercury to the Strongs Creek food web, but, not much is known about them or what species prey on them there. Through bioaccumulation and biomagnification, the mercury levels in this ecosystem could amplify because blackflies occupy a low trophic level and could be prey for other insects, spiders, fish, birds, and bats. This phenomenon is important to study further to see how it relates to other water bodies in Utah and better understand health risks for humans.

   

• #37 - Mary Macbeth - Effects of the Convenience Food Culture on Children with Parents who are Employed

  Mentor: Nicolas Mugavero
  Department: English
  Abstract: This project examines the effects of the convenience food culture in the United States. The primary focus of this analysis is: How does the convenience food culture in the United States affect children with parents who are employed? Despite ongoing scholarly attention to the effects of convenience food on the public, there is significantly less research done specifically on the children of working parents. This analysis strives to illuminate the relationship between the two by examining the effects of parental diet and food behavior on their children, as well as how convenience foods play a role in the diet of families with employed parents. Additionally, this research explores how the convenience food culture is so successful in the United States today, and why it is viewed by many as a positive contribution to society. This analysis utilizes an approach that involves the use of existing literature including scholarly journals. The analysis further considers statistics and results of studies conducted regarding this topic. Initial findings suggest that the convenience food culture has a negative impact on not only on the health of children with employed parents, but on the majority of the American population as well. By confronting these widespread inaccuracies, parents can be informed about the dangers of convenience food culture today. Through this education, they can promote healthy diet habits in their children. This will lead to an overall increase in health and reduced risk of disease across America.

   

• #38 - Korynn Martinez - Adaptations and Morphological Differences in Mahonia repens Development Below Deciduous Versus Coniferous Trees

  Additional Authors: Levi Spurlock and Carter Harris
  Mentor: Heather Root
  Department: Botany & Plant Ecology
  Abstract: This study aims to quantify Oregon grape's (Mahonia repens) morphological differences and adaptations. We conducted field analyses in the Northern Wasatch mountain range, with systems that contain a strong presence of Oregon grape growing in mixed forest environments as understory vegetation. This region is known for its rich coniferous and deciduous forests, which consist of survey-focused plant life such as the deciduous bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum) and coniferous white fir (Abies concolor). We obtained results from observing Oregon grape growing in the understory vegetation within a 3-foot radius directly below deciduous versus coniferous tree canopies. By analyzing various morphological traits such as leaf size, leaf width, leaflet count, and plant height, we aimed to assess how the distinct light conditions beneath differing tree types influence the growth and development of Oregon grape. The data was rendered into comparative graphs to study morphological differences from light conditions under canopy cover in understory vegetation. The study's preliminary results indicate that leaf sizes on the upper and lower portions of the Oregon grape individuals differ in size underneath deciduous and coniferous trees. Oregon grape underneath deciduous trees have smaller leaf sizes with greater plant heights. Deciduous plot observations reveal that less canopy cover allows more light availability for understory plants, allowing focus on primary growth. Whereas Oregon grape underneath coniferous plots accommodates larger leaves with smaller plant heights due to the more prominent canopy cover, which results in less light availability and the need to create more surface area for absorption. Overall, our data trends support the hypothesis that deciduous and coniferous plots contain differing morphological adaptations for Oregon grape communities.

   

• #39 - Jinni Messenger - Critically endangered Phacelia agillacea: a soil nutrient level analysis

  Additional Author: Mitch Hartley
  Mentor: Heather Root
  Department: Botany & Plant Ecology
  Abstract: We want to know if the soil composition is one of the main ingredients for Phacelia argillacea to be endemic to the shale cliffs of Spanish Fork Canyon. This work hopes to assess why some areas can host the endangered Phacelia argillacea and others cannot. Recent studies have been done that demonstrate what types of relationships occur between growth, reproduction, and tolerance to herbivory of the Clay phacelia. Others have tested ways to propagate the plant and better ensure the germination of seeds grown in a laboratory environment. Our study is focusing on the nutrients across the hillside of the Clay phacelia's natural habitat. We are looking to see what type of soil they prefer and if there are any limiting nutrients we can identify. We will be using the LaMotte soil testing kits to test soil samples from the native habitat of Clay phacelia. Soil samples were collected within 3 feet of adult C. phacelia and another sample was taken at least 10-15 feet away from any C. phacelia in each plot. Samples were taken in this manner to compare preferred locations versus non-ideal locations. Samples were then used to identify the amount of organic material and NPK levels (nitrogen, phosphorus, & potassium). Since the plants grow in sporadic clusters we expected to find a distinct difference between the near plant samples and those collected further away from any Clay phacelia. We have been unable to find any limiting factors in the nutrients we have tested but we did find a commonality of high to medium potassium between the two sites we tested. We would like to discuss what trends we have found as far as population growth and compare that to our newly acquired data.

   

• #40 - Miranda Muellenmeister - "A Home" Collection

  Mentor: Nick Mugavero
  Department: English
  Abstract: The purpose of this collection was to explore personal relationships with different aspects of living in the southern states through a variety of styles and media. The collection represents the answer to the question: "How can I represent experiences, both personal and common, living in Tennessee using various artistic approaches?" The assortment illustrates components of southern culture: family-style dining, childhood, music, wildlife, and comradery. Primarily guided by my art instructor from last year, I took inspiration from her guidance and the art movements of Impressionism, Regionalism, and Surrealism. I sought to practice traditional art mediums and methods, as well as challenge them in such a way that they embrace novel means of creation. The works were created using a variety of traditional methods and techniques, including pencil sketching, charcoal drawing, acrylic painting, watercolor painting, oil pastel drawing, and collaging. In addition to this, the collection employs abnormal elements like spices, dirt, and tea to intensify ideas of the south and what it means to be southern. The result was a mosaic of pieces, different in composition and style, presented as if the collection was made by different individuals from the south. The collection of works is intended to bring closure to myself, no longer able to live through these happenings I encountered in my thirteen years there. In addition, I was able to experiment with artistic processes I had not yet practiced. After completion, I was met with feelings of fulfillment and satisfaction. Furthermore, the assortment of works gives a perspective on living that the Utah population might not have considered, broadening the mindset of individuals not yet exposed to different cultures. The collection will continue to be built upon as I grow older and gain new experiences, strengthening methods and idea representation, fostering my growth individually and creatively.

   

• #41 - Kayla Nelson - Queerphobia and Mental Health: Addressing Bias and Discrimination Against Queer Youth in America

  Mentor: Ryan Evans
  Department: English
  Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the question: How does queerphobia impact the mental health of queer youth in America, and what strategies can be implemented to address bias and discrimination against this population? This essay explores the connections between structural and personal discrimination against queer youth. While highlighting the results due to these types of discrimination in mental health challenges, including heightened rates of depression, suicide, and anxiety. There is urgent need for interventions to promote acceptance and equality due to queer youth dealing with consistent stigma and prejudice. From examining existing research and personal claims from queer youth, this study hopes to provide a contribution to mental health and education to improve discussions. The research includes analysis of survey data along with case studies on the effects of discrimination on queer youth's mental health. It also examines of interventions on support groups on LGBTQ+ youth. As expected, the effects of queerphobia on mental health is apparent. The inclusive policies and support alter these outcomes. This essay advocates queerphobia to reduce the persistent occurrence in everyday environments such as schools, communities, and healthcare spaces to create safer environments that support queer youth's mental health.

   

• #43 - Tyler O'Toole - Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis Survival and growth in ultra-pasteurized whole milk.

  Mentor: Michele Culumber
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis is a bacterium that causes gas defects in aging cheese. Although this bacterium has been shown to be susceptible to pasteurization temperatures, milk could still be a natural reservoir, and a mechanism for its introduction to cheese, especially if pasteurization equipment is not run efficiently or if biofilm forms in the pasteurizer. This experiment was conducted to see P. wasatchensis can survive and grow in milk. A fresh culture of P. wasatchensis was serially diluted with saline and plated to use as a control. The culture was also diluted in ultra-pasteurized organic whole milk (Horizon Organic) whole milk. The milk dilutions were incubated at 30°C. On days 0, 1, 2, and 3, 0.1 mL samples of the dilutions were plated on De Man “Rogosa" Sharpe agar supplemented with 1% ribose (MRS+R), and incubated anaerobically at 30*C. Colonies were counted after 7 days of incubation and compared to the saline dilutions from day 0. In the following days it was shown that P. wasatchensis the growth from day 0 to day 2 had a 61% increase of CFU/ mL in the 10^-3 dilution plate. Day 3 then had a sharp decrease in CFU/ mL indicating that its optimal growth time period is at 2 days of incubation.

   

• #42 - Emily Olsen - Monitoring the Effect of Pathogenic Fungi in the Keystone Species Populus tremuloides within the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest

  Additional Authors: Valorie Lawson and Skylar Lawrence
  Mentor: Heather Root
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: What is the effect of fungi on quaking aspens, Populus tremuloides, at various elevations? Quaking aspens are a keystone species that provide shelter for wildlife. There has been extensive research into the effects of climate change as an initial cause of decline, but very little into the secondary infection of the quaking aspens. Our study focuses on this secondary infection by fungi that results in cankers. Our study may aid in future conservation efforts for deciduous forests. To do this we will measure the DBH of all quaking aspens in plots at different elevations and rating them by severity (0-5). We expect to see older quaking aspens that live in lower elevations with a higher severity of infection as opposed to a lower severity of infection of the younger trees at higher elevations.

   

• #44 - Mikkah Pacheco - Understanding the scarlet witch

  Mentor: Ryan Evans
  Department: English
  Abstract: My project's central idea or focus will be using real-world research and information to analyze and understand the fictional character Wanda Maximoff or The Scarlet Witch. By taking such an unexpected approach, we can use unique examples and scenarios to understand these complex ideas. For example, the concept of PFT, processes of grief, and the role of grief in addiction are just some of the things we can explain by using this analysis of a fictional character. The research I am going to be focusing on is both the media she appears in and also research specifically looking at grief, addiction, and more precisely both of these in the cases of parents and mothers. After completing this analysis we can better understand the character, her choices or influences, and also the complex ideas discussed. This will also help us relate to others who may be experiencing similar pain and with that understanding hopefully we can provide support for these people.

   

• #45 - Tesla Parker - Developing and Implementing Use of Guidelines for Barrett's Esophagus Screening, Treatment, and Surveillance

  Additional Authors: Kyle Eliason
  Mentor: Amber Fowler
  Department: Nursing
  Abstract: Lack of guidelines related to screening, treatment, and surveillance protocols surrounding Barrett's Esophagus (BE) can lead to undiagnosed BE and potential progression to esophageal cancer. Purpose: Nurse and provider knowledge of screening, treatment, and surveillance guidelines related to BE is necessary to decrease the progression of the disease to esophageal cancer. The primary goal of this DNP project was to educate providers and nursing staff regarding recommendations for screening, treatment, and surveillance for patients with BE while implementing a protocol for future use. Methodology: Nursing staff and providers viewed a pre-recorded video presentation discussing screening, treatment, and surveillance guidelines for BE, where an algorithm was introduced and implemented to guide these practices. Both nursing staff and providers took pre- and post-education surveys, and the data was then compared between both items. Results: Data analysis showed that nursing staff knowledge of BE screening, treatment, and surveillance guidelines, as well as patient education, was increased due to the project implementation. Provider data showed a high level of knowledge and willingness to use the algorithm in practice. Implications for Practice: Many patients are seen for long-term acid reflux and, therefore, are at increased risk for BE development. Staff and physicians agree that education and algorithm use is essential when treating patients with BE. Video education was an effective tool for information dissemination.

   

• #46 - Quinlan Pattillo - Bioccumulation and biomagnification of mercury (Hg) in freshwater invertebrates in Strong's Creek (Ogden, UT)

  Mentor: Rebecka Brasso
  Department: Zoology
  Abstract: Mercury (Hg) is a naturally occurring heavy metal whose abundance in the environment has increased dramatically as a result of human activity-namely mining and coal burning. Hg is a powerful neurotoxin and endocrine disruptor which can affect the reproduction and survival of wildlife. Hg bioaccumulates in individuals and can biomagnify in food webs. For this reason, many Hg studies have focused on larger, higher trophic organisms such as birds or mammals. However, we chose to focus on the base of the food web in which there are multiple taxa with complex trophic interactions. The freshwater invertebrates we studied were composed of distinct functional feeding groups (scrapers/grazers, shredders, predators). We hypothesized that the higher trophic species would have higher Hg levels (predators) and the lower trophic level feeding strategies (scrapers/grazers) would have the lowest Hg levels. Many of the taxa collected have an emergent stage in which they leave the stream as adults, transferring any aquatic Hg accumulated during their larval stage to the terrestrial food web. These emergent species were selected for our study as they provide valuable understanding of how Hg can travel through trophic levels and affect terrestrial organisms. Sample collections were done on two separate occasions 05/30/2024 and 07/31/2024 Strong's Creek (Ogden, UT). Invertebrates were collected by picking them off rocks or the use of kick nets. Invertebrates were identified in the lab and analyzed for total Hg using a Direct Mercury Analyzer MA-3000. We analyzed approximately 190 samples of invertebrates from four Orders. Hg concentrations varied among the Orders with blackflies in Order Diptera having the highest Hg concentrations.

   

• #47 - Jacob Payne - Investigating Microbial Degradation of PCBs by Bacteria

  Additional Authors: Veronica Lajarthe Figueredo , Camerun Jolley and Hunter Swalberg
  Mentor: Katrina Twing
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: The Housatonic River and Woods Pond were contaminated with PCBs by the company General Electric between 1933-1977. PCBs are hazardous to the environment and present significant health concerns. Our purpose was to find species of bacteria that are effective at degrading PCBs to help restore the Housatonic River and Woods Pond. Prior to our research, Dr. Twing traveled to Woods Pond and brought back PCB-contaminated mud samples and prepped them into several different mesocosms. We selected mesocosm #17 with dark colored mud from a duckweed area of Woods Pond. We grew bacteria on PAS+1260 agar plates (which contain PCBs) and investigated their ability to degrade it by growing them under anaerobic and dark conditions. Bacillus sp. and Bacillus cereus were grown, isolated, and identified by DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We also tested to see if our isolated bacteria were able to degrade PCBs via the Biphenyl Upper Metabolic Pathway by growing them on TSA agar plates and then spraying biphenyl on them to see if a color change, indicative of the breakdown of biphenyl, took place. Our samples tested negative for the biphenyl spray test, but we found during our literature search that those species of bacteria are known to degrade PCBs. By investigating and potentially finding bacteria capable of breaking down PCBs, we gain knowledge and make progress towards more sustainable and effective methods of reversing damage done by contamination.

   

• #48 - Isayiah Pena Fenster - The Need to Know on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Remission

  Mentor: Nicolas Mugavero
  Department: English
  Abstract: Many individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) struggle to find reasons to enact necessary lifestyle changes to prevent further chronic diseases. Whether this is because they don't know the risks or don't care, they must understand T2DM, and what can happen if untreated. The purpose of this project is to inform those with T2DM what they can do to enter diabetic remission, and what can happen if they choose to ignore necessary lifestyle changes. I also wanted to preface that this research's goal is to find a middle ground in most individuals where they can transition to a healthier lifestyle without sacrificing too much to seem like a burden. This project is built on research conducted using peer-reviewed sources and CDC statistics to give information related to T2DM remission. Using studies and data collected over the past twenty years, I discovered multitudes of ways individuals can help their glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. Study results were very important for this essay because it is real-world proof that supports why exercise and diet are so crucial for change.The importance of low glycemic index foods and how exercise helped insulin sensitivity were expected findings. However, delving deeper into the specific science helps put into perspective how much diet and exercise can change diabetes. Discovering more negatives regarding T2DM's effects on humans like blindness, helped push the importance of this issue. Research on human diabetes is incomplete, and more studies are necessary in the future to help solve this chronic disease. T2DM is becoming more common every year, and people must be informed on how to help themselves or those with it. This project was developed to accomplish this goal and assist in making remission less of a complication for diabetics.

   

• #49 - Jocilyn Peters - How Does Childhood Trauma Affect Romantic Relationships

  Additional Authors: Sisalee Richins, Christina Winn, Katherine Richardson and Cortnee Christenson
  Mentor: Emma Watson
  Department: Family Studies
  Abstract: The main goal of this study is to analyze how childhood trauma affects romantic relationships later on in life. The literature on childhood trauma has shown that adverse childhood experiences and trauma can have long-lasting effects on an individual through their youth and later on in life. Although there is extensive research on childhood trauma, there is a gap in the research when it comes to the effect it has on romantic relationships. This research is not extensive on one aspect of childhood trauma but rather it provides a broad overview of the effects childhood trauma can have on romantic relationship satisfaction. The researchers created a survey using reliable instruments that tested for childhood trauma and relationship satisfaction. The survey was then circulated through social media and sent to students in the Family Studies department at Weber State University. The participants in this study were adults who were 21 years or older. The parameters of this study required that individuals were in a romantic relationship of at least one year or more. Participants were of various races, ethnic backgrounds, and socioeconomic status. The research team ran t-tests to discover correlations within the study. In addition, other data was examined to help support the hypothesis. This study is still active. However, findings will be thoroughly examined.

   

• #50 - Jackson Roubidoux - Research Proposal: Assessing Portfolio Riskiness Through Dummy Variable Encoding

  Mentor: Gavin Roberts
  Department: Economics
  Abstract: Research Proposal: Assessing Portfolio Riskiness Through Dummy Variable Encoding.Central Research Question and Purpose: This research project investigates the riskiness of different stock portfolios, specifically comparing those concentrated in specific sectors versus more diversified portfolios. The central research question is: How does the sector concentration of stock portfolios affect their overall risk profile, and how has this changed over time? The goal is to provide insights into the effectiveness of diversification in mitigating portfolio risk under varying market conditions. Scholarly Context: The relationship between portfolio diversification and risk is well-established, with traditional theories suggesting that diversification reduces risk. However, recent research highlights that financial market interconnectedness may diminish these benefits, especially during market stress. This project employs dummy variable encoding to analyze sector allocations, aiming to understand how stocks within the same sector respond to market changes relative to diversified portfolios, thus contributing a unique perspective on the risk-return trade-off. Research Methodology: Historical price data for stocks across different sectors will be collected. Two portfolio types will be constructed: sector-specific portfolios (e.g., solely technology stocks) and diversified portfolios (e.g., stocks from multiple sectors). A multivariate regression model will be used to regress portfolio returns against market returns, calculating the covariance matrix to assess relationships among stocks. The study will also explore how covariances change over time, particularly during market fluctuations. Conclusions and Expected Results: The research is expected to show that sector-specific portfolios carry higher risk levels than diversified portfolios, reinforcing the importance of diversification. Results will have practical implications for investors and portfolio managers, advocating for strategic portfolio construction that accounts for sector correlations and market conditions, while also providing a foundation for future risk assessment research.

   

• #51 - Neftali Sanchez - How can children with mental health conditions such as ADHD benefit from art therapy?

  Mentor: Nicolas Mugavero
  Department: English
  Abstract: My research paper focuses on children with mental health conditions such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the benefits of art therapy. ADHD is a very common chronic condition. Art therapy started around the 1940s and became more popular around the 1970s in the United States. There are many benefits from art therapy for children with ADHD, like enhanced motor skills and improved focus and concentration. In my research, I have interviewed a therapist and a counselor. They both have worked with students with ADHD, and they use all types of art to get the students to engage and participate in class. I have also read an article by an art therapist named Stacey Nelson, and she gives so much feedback on how beneficial it is. She talks about how her student says that art therapy keeps his brain calm and it helps his body stay calm also. I have witnessed that because I used to work in a behavioral unit in an elementary school, and most of the students have ADHD. We would do a lot of art projects, and they would sit there very calmly and get very creative with the art project that we did. I additionally speak about how art is a relaxing place for my son, who is diagnosed with ADHD. While we color or paint, I sit and communicate with my son. He expresses his emotions and the things that frustrate him. It seems to be extremely helpful when we discuss what to do when he becomes upset.

   

• #52 - Lisa Sehy - Effective Interventions For Hypertension Management

  Mentor: Amber Fowler
  Department: Nursing
  Abstract:  Interventions that follow a particular framework, focus on specific protocols, and have a central focus on improving blood pressure, can help in blood pressure control. Despite the known interventions to improve blood pressure, many adults in the United States of America are living with hypertension. Implementing a standard blood pressure workflow at a family practice clinic can help improve patients' blood pressure control. Purpose: This DNP project aims to implement a new blood pressure workflow for healthcare team members and improve blood pressure outcomes for patients at a family practice clinic. Methodology: Healthcare team members who work at a family practice clinic in Salt Lake County, Utah, were given a pre-survey to assess the likelihood of using specific blood pressure interventions in patients with high blood pressure. After the implementation of the workflow, healthcare team members were asked to complete a post-survey to assess the likelihood of using steps in the new workflow. Results: Four nurses completed the pre and post-survey for the blood pressure workflow intervention. After the workflow's implementation, the participants reported an increase in communicating blood pressure results to the patient and a provider. Additionally, there was a higher likelihood of rechecking the patient's blood pressure and recommending a follow-up appointment if the blood pressure was greater than 140/90. Implications for Practice: Implementing a standardized blood pressure workflow improves the communication of blood pressure results to providers and patients. Additionally, patients with elevated blood pressure are likely to be referred for follow-up visits. Using a standardized blood pressure protocol improves blood pressure outcomes.

   

• #53 - Sydney Sims - Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research

  Mentor: Ryan Evans
  Department: English
  Abstract: Human embryonic stem cell research (hESC) has been a long ethical controversy because the balance between possible medical benefits and the destruction of human embryos had to be met. This idea discusses various ethical considerations in using hESCs for scientific research in light of the U.S. Following the 2022 decision of the Supreme Court to rescind Roe v. Wade, a new frontier began for reproductive rights, further affecting biomedical research in that arena. With this shift in the tide of legal momentum, I look at how public perception has driven state regulation of hESC research, resulting in a patchwork of laws representative of the values and ethical beliefs of its constituency. The analysis indicates that, while promising therapeutically hESC research is filled with a number of ethical concerns and receives varied levels of public acceptance that influence the different regulatory settings in the post-Roe scenario.

   

• #54 - Nailah Stokes - The impact of selective breeding on dogs and their owners

  Mentor: Ryan Evans
  Department: English
  Abstract: How does the lack of regulation in the dog breeding industry impact the dog's quality of life as well as the financial state of owners in America? Regulations in themselves are complex in their attempts to maintain animal safety. Enforcement of animal safety regulations does not seem in favor of that of the animals safety, but more of the professional environment provided by the dog breeder. As a result many dog breeds have varying genetic diseases that cause the need for veterinary care to increase and financial stability to decrease. This research has a combination of quantitative and qualitative research with emphasis on evidence-based articles that include scientific surveys and studies. Conclusion is that the lack of regulations in the dog breeding industry impact both dogs and owners negatively, in that dogs have a decline in physical and emotional/mental health leading to the increased need in veterinary services that contain financial requirements that may not be met by the owner.

   

• #55 - Bishika Thapa - Billie Eilish's Emotional Vulnerability and Its Impact on Body Positivity and Gender

  Mentor: Ryan Evans
  Department: English
  Abstract: This research looks into the significant influence of Billie Eilish's music and visible participation on modern day conversations around body positivity and gender norms. Eilish challenges social norms and promotes a culture of self-acceptance by blending emotional sensitivity with a unique sense of style that challenges standard definitions of beauty. This study examines how her artistic expressions spark conversations around body image and mental health through an examination of her music videos, namely "When the Party's Over" and "Not My Responsibility." Her big cover-ups, unisex clothing and personal songs break stereotypes and provide an honest examination of the social pressures that young women face. The outcomes demonstrate that Eilish's work is an influential force that encourages open discussions about social norms and personal issues in addition to promoting body positivity. This study adds to our knowledge of the influence of celebrities by emphasizing how Eilish's authenticity inspires her fans to value their individuality and reject limiting standards. Through her songs and clothing, Eilish has a significant cultural impact as a strong advocate for mental health and empowerment for women of all ages.

   

• #57 - Janellie Valmaceda - Isolation Identification of PCB-Degrading Bacteria from PCB-Contaminated Sediment Samples

  Additional Authors: Brandon Clawson , Brennon Barney and Victoria Green
  Mentor: Katrina Twing
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pose a significant environmental threat due to their persistence and toxicity especially when dumped in bodies of water or landfills. This study aimed to isolate and identify bacteria from PCB-contaminated sediments from a mud sample named WP_mud3 and see if they are capable of degrading these PCB compounds. Using aerobic culture conditions, selected bacterial strains were cultivated, identified via DNA sequencing, and tested for PCB degradation activity with biphenyl as a model compound. Results revealed that Priestia megaterium displayed effective PCB degradation, as indicated by a colorimetric change of colonies with the addition of biphenyl, while other isolates showed no evidence of degradation. This study demonstrates the potential for certain microorganism species to serve in bioremediation, demonstrating the importance of microbes and their roles in reducing environmental pollutants like PCBs.

   

• #58 - Nick Vanderwarf - Willingness to Pay for Pickleball: The Impact of America's Fastest Growing Sport

  Mentor: Jennifer Gnagey
  Department: Economics
  Abstract: This research aims to discover an individual's willingness to pay (WTP) for pickleball and whether it is primarily driven by social cohesion or facility quality. Pickleball, once a niche activity, has surged across the United States with an estimated 223.5% growth rate and 13.6 million active players since 2020. As the sport evolves from casual games in local parks to organized events in dedicated facilities, its economic landscape is transforming. Traditionally, recreational activities have correlated strongly with facility quality, but pickleball's unique social appeal adds a new dimension. For many, it is more than just a sport, it's a lifestyle and a community. To explore these dynamics, I conducted my own survey among Utah-based pickleball players, including both recreational and competitive participants. The research applies Utility Theory, suggesting individuals maximize satisfaction through participation, and Hedonic Pricing Theory, which assesses value based on experience attributes. Using the Travel Cost Method, the study estimates WTP by analyzing travel distances, and the Contingent Valuation Method assesses the value players place on potential facility or social enhancements. Data analysis will be conducted through a linear regression model, with WTP as the dependent variable and key independent variables such as social cohesion, facility quality, and key demographic factors. The study hypothesizes that social cohesion will have a stronger impact on WTP than facility quality, suggesting that the community aspect of pickleball plays a significant role in motivating players to pay. Results will provide valuable insights for facility managers, community organizers, and policymakers looking to make informed decisions about expanding and enhancing pickleball, aligning investments with player preferences and social motivations.

   

• #59 - Hannah Verhaal- Quantification of arsenic and atrazine in the Great Salt Lake and its tributaries

  Additional Authors: Noelia Assetta Nash, Dallon Cottam, Uyen Dao and Antony Fraser
  Mentor: Demetrios Pagonis
  Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry
  Abstract: This course-based research project aims to quantify levels of atrazine and arsenic in the Great Salt Lake and its tributaries. Arsenic is an impactful natural component of regional soils and the Great Salt Lake playa. Atrazine is widely used as a pesticide, and it has been previously detected in groundwater in the region. In this study, Environmental Chemistry students sampled natural waters from eight distinct locations in and around the Great Salt Lake. Students designed and executed experiments using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantify arsenic and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to quantify atrazine.

   

• #60 - Garret Waite - Patterns of plant colonization differ among various disturbed sites in northern Utah.

  Additional Author: Emma Nielson
  Mentor: Heather Root
  Department: Botany and Plant Ecology
  Abstract: In the past few centuries, human activity has greatly affected plant communities in two big ways: the facilitation of unprecedented, transcontinental migration (invasion), and large-scale habitat disruption. Combined, these two factors have created ecosystems that are unlike those of any other period in Earth's history: areas dominated by plant species from all across the globe. It's known that certain kinds of disruption (like long-term agricultural use and subsequent abandonment) are especially conducive to creating these ecosystems, but not much effort has been put into understanding their floral makeups. Here, an effort has been made to survey several disturbed sites across a portion of northern Utah to identify any apparent patterns of colonization in areas with similar histories. An area's floral makeup was estimated by surveying the plants and their relative abundances within many scattered plots inside that area, so it could be compared to areas both near and far. It was hypothesized that a clear dominant species would be apparent across the many observed sites, but this did not seem to be the case. There did exist many ubiquitous species that could be expected to appear within most plots. These mostly consisted of invasive members of the families Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Polygonaceae, with a small number of natives (mostly from Asteraceae). However, the dominant plant species varied unexpectedly from site to site. One area could be completely consumed by Salsola tragus, but an area just a block away with a nearly identical history could only contain a sparse amount of this species, instead being overwhelmingly dominated by Onopordum acanthium. There are a number of factors that could account for this variation, but it does not seem entirely clear why a plant would find so much success at one site but not at a different, nearly identical site nearby.

   

• #61 - Caden Wheeler - Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Inhibition by Lactic Acid Bacteria

  Mentor: Michelle Culumber
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections, largely due to its ability to form resilient biofilms on medical devices such as catheters and implants. These biofilms protect the bacteria from antibiotics, making infections difficult to treat. This study investigates the potential of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, a probiotic strain, to inhibit the growth of S. aureus biofilms. Using a series of plating techniques and spectrophotometric analysis, we assessed the ability of L. rhamnosus to reduce S. aureus growth. Preliminary results indicate that L. rhamnosus does not effectively reduce bacterial growth. Literature suggests that alternative methods of growing the species would show impactful reduction of biofilm growth.

   

• #62 - Brendon Whipple - Mental health in adolescents in goth/ heavy metal culture

  Mentor: Nicolas Mugavero
  Department: English
  Abstract: This inquiry delves into the link between mood disorders and a taste for heavy music, such as emo/goth or heavy metal. The central question of the inquiry is: Does the culture surrounding goth music/heavy metal cause adolescent listeners to have a higher risk of depression and other mood disorders? Despite ongoing scholarly attention, many are still debating the subject, and this debate can come at a cost to those in the community, as it leads to more stigmatization and ostracization of the youth that associate with the culture. This project intends to clarify the effects of darker music on the youth and to help dismiss some of the stigmas related to the music. The methods used include an analysis of multiple academic sources about the subject, some notes from my experience with my taste for the genre, and my experience with the community (though these are not relied on and are more used to add context). Initial findings indicate that those in the goth/ heavy metal communities have higher risks of depression and other mood disorders. While many of the lyrics in the music of the work include talks of self-harm and suicidal ideation, correlation does not equal causation, and there could be various outside factors that go into it. By acknowledging the potential inaccuracies associated with the fallacy of mistaking correlation and causation, I intend to find a more balanced understanding of the culture surrounding goth/ heavy metal music and those who associate themselves with said culture. Through that, I wish to shine a light on the humanity of those who inhabit the community to hopefully prevent some of the daily isolation many heavy metal and goth music fans face.

   

• #63 - Gillian Woolsey - The Effect of Genetic Variation on Fluoxetine Binding to Cytochrome P450 2D6

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  Department: Chemistry & Biochemistry
  Abstract: Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is an enzyme produced in the liver that processes compounds from outside the body, including drugs; one such drug is fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor often prescribed in cases of depression. Genetic variation in CYP2D6 can affect the rate at which fluoxetine is metabolized, which can impact its efficacy for a patient. This study aims to elucidate the difference in binding of fluoxetine between the wild type and a mutant variant of CYP2D6, and design a drug candidate that may potentially bind better to this mutant. This was done in silico using molecular docking simulations. Results are soon to be evaluated, but fluoxetine may possibly bind more weakly to the mutant than to the wild type. This study is important for ongoing investigations of individual genetic variance in drug design, and has implications in personalized medicine.